For my research paper I am going to do on how Ice Hockey would change as a sport if there was no fighting. I would like to talk about how fighting entertains the audiences watching. Also the players that are in hockey called enforcers, who are basically meant to fight and push people around.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article provides information about consequences from fighting in the NHL and other hockey leagues. The author also talks about how often fighting happens in hockey, from the entire season and also the times in each game. It also talks about different statistics in hockey about fights.
What it Proves: This article proves that fighting does have consequences in hockey and also how often hockey happens.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article provides information about why the NHL should keep hockey in the sport. It mentions how it is unique to the sport and how the fans of the sport love it.
What it Proves: The article proves that fighting still should have a place in hockey and how it helps the sport.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article provides the good and bad from fighting to a kid. It shows that fighting in hockey can actually form a kid to be loyal and stick up for people. It also mentions the bad that might be bad sportsmanship.
What it Proves: This article proves that there is some good in fighting for hockey but there is also some bad.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article mentioned one specific hockey game that started with a line brawl and the outcomes of it for each team.
What it Proves: The article shows how a huge fight effects some teams and players differently.
Proposal : It seems counterintuitive to trust a company with blood on their hands. SeaWorld continues to claim their mission is to help animals by providing a safe environment for them to live. They repress the fact that they rip these animals away from their natural habitats. SeaWorld is the ultimate hypocrite; they state they’re saving these animals when in reality they’re imprisoning them for their own gain. For a company who publicly dedicates them to animal rights but behind closed doors they have no problem shoving their prisoners back into their cells. For a company so open and adamant about giving their animals the best care and love, they are silent when their whales die unnaturally.
Essential Content of Article: Slaves for the most part believed they were inferior and that their lives were meant to work for the white man. Slaves either obey or die. Africans were ripped away from their home country and sold off to whites so they could work until they died in this foreign land.
What it proves: This article is going to help connect similarities between African slaves and animals within SeaWorld parks. They are ripped away from their natural habitat only to forced into working for their masters. Neither animals in SeaWorld parks or slaves have/had any hope of freedom.
Essential Content of Article: This article gives statistics of inmate’s mental health condition within England’s prison system. The estimate that the proportion of people with mental health problems within in prisons is 90%.
What it proves: This article is going to help me connect SeaWorld’s animals to inmates. Both are confined to small areas for most of the day. This article takes a look at what being confined within concrete walls can do to the human brain. Seeing such a high risk of mental health and suicide rates with human inmates, it can allow me to question what it must do to the animal prisoners at SeaWorld.
Essential Content of Article: This is a study conducted to observe the presence of Post traumatic stress disorder and major depression disorder with kidnapping victims. The study conducts the experiment on Iraqi refugees, especially those who had been kidnapped. Results indicated those diagnosed with PTSD were more likely to have been kidnapped.
What it proves: This article gives me evidence to prove kidnapping indicates a higher likelihood to develop PSTD. I will explain PTSD and its symptoms. Then I will discuss this study. This will allow me to describe how orcas were taken from the wild. Orcas usually stay with their family their whole lives. But when they’re kidnapped they suffer greatly at the expense of entertainment.
Essential Content of Article: SeaWorld states they will not release the remaining orcas, because they would not be able to handle the elements and dangers of the wild. They then state that the orcas will remain in the love and care of SeaWorld.
What it proves: By collecting a statement from SeaWorld that disagrees with my claim it will help me further prove my point. Even though SeaWorld hasn’t collected an orca from the wild in 40 years they are still reaping the benefits of those captured orcas. They deny the request to free orcas into the wild because of the dangers of elements they aren’t accustomed too.
Essential Content of Article: An oceanographer believes orcas can be successively reintroduced into their wild habitat. By using seaside sanctuaries captive orcas can be adjusted to hunting for food and learning the techniques of wild orcas.
What it proves: This article, although it agrees with my opinion, does not echo my thesis. It is going to be used as facts to dispute the SeaWorld claim that orcas cannot safely be released to the wild. This scientifically proves that seaside sanctuaries could be the answer to releasing the orcas.
For my research paper I have decided to change the topic. My original argument was going to be on whether or not Sigmund Freud deserves to be the father of psychology, but after some deliberation I have come to the conclusion that an argument like that isn’t worth the ammunition. So after pulling my hair out of my head all weekend long I have finally chosen a new topic to discuss. My topic will now be the heartlessness that comes with the American Healthcare system . My argument will be that healthcare in the United States isn’t about helping people, and extend/bettering people’s lives, it’s about the money. There are numerous occasions of people dying or suffering because they don’t have the money to pay for treatment or medication. Families that are left with the burden, and we are the only country that does this. Corruption with the one system people should feel safe in, and no one is talking about it, until now.
Essential Content of the Article: This article is about the healthcare system in America currently. It talks about the ups and the downs the healthcare system has faced in the last few years dealing with Obamacare and Trumps view on things. It sheds some light on the standing that the Republican and Democratic parties have on the issues within the system. In a nutshell, this article is comparing the American healthcare system to other countries and give a better understanding within the political parties.
What it proves: This article proves that politicians and the government really don’t care about the people that these systems are trying to help. It proves that the main focus is the money that will come out of it and, maybe more important, the money going into it. The article provides a quote from republican representative for Utah and gives a clear direction on his takes about the issues of American’s not being able to afford healthcare.
Essential Content of the Article: This article is specifically talking about the rising cost of healthcare and the inner workings of the budget cut that Trump is making. It discusses how the spending cost hasn’t dropped and that healthcare isn’t worried about the patients anymore but more on the money that flows in. This article is very informative on today’s view of the healthcare system and gives some insight on the issues at hand.
What it proves: This articles proves the idea and argument that the healthcare system in America isn’t for the patients anymore, but for the money that each business profits out of this. It breaks down where the money is going and how it’s divided between the pharmacies, hospitals, and insurance company. The patient gets lost in the exchange of money and all they become is new client to make a profit off of.
3. This is How American Healthcare Kills People http://theweek.com/articles/666799/how-american-health-care-kills-people
Essential Content of the Article: This article is about an actual person and his experience with the American Healthcare system. It tells his story as a man pursuing his doctoral in history and becoming devastatingly ill with autoimmune hepatitis. His story doesn’t stop with his diagnosis, but starts because of the torment the healthcare system has put him through. All for a sick man’s health, something we should all have the right to, and he can’t afford it. The article goes into detail about the issues he faced and how the issues of the American healthcare system are killing people.
What it proves: I personally think that this will be a very important piece in my research paper. It proves the corruption of the healthcare system from a patients point of view. It’s a personal story of the healthcare system not doing it’s job helping, but killing people based on the pursue of profit. This man is dying, and needs help, but without the funds to get it he is on his own. This article proves that in a personal sense and this is important for my argument.
4. How Today’s Corrupt Healthcare System is About to Get Worse http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/healthcare/How-todays-corrupt-health-care-system-is-about-to-get-worse.html
Essential Content of the Article: This article is about how our healthcare system isn’t even at it’s worse, but it’s about to be. This article explains the current situation that America is facing with healthcare and with Trump as our new leader. Trump has plans to change somethings within the healthcare system, but the question is whether or not it’s going to help or hinder us as the people. The article claims that it will hurt us and gives reasons and examples as to why.
What it proves: The article proves the next moves that the Trump administration are about to make regarding the American healthcare. It goes into detail about where the money will be heading and how each state will now have a changed budget with can go either way when it comes to being beneficial or not. The article proves what will be happening to the healthcare system in the years to come with Trump as our president. It proves that it is getting worse.
5. How Medical Care is Being Corrupted https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/opinion/how-medical-care-is-being-corrupted.html
Essential Content of the Article: This article is about the position and roles the doctors have in the corruption that is happening within our healthcare system. It talks about the relationships between doctors and their patients and how the public feels they can’t trust their physicians. The insurance companies and hospitals have put together contracts that wrongfully have “pay for performance” incorporated into it. This is breaking the bridge between the patients and the physicians because it’s affecting the treatment and overall interaction with the patients.
What it proves: This article proves two things. The doctors involvement with the corruption, and the patient outcome. Doctors are not doing all that they can to help because they get a cap on money and get money for the way they handle treatment. It’s hurting the people that they have taken an oath to help and it’s wrong. It’s almost as if the physicians are getting bullied into this because of the paycheck they will receive for it, but at what cost?
Proposal- For my research paper, I would like to look into the debate of kneeling or standing for the national anthem in the NFL, and get people’s feelings on the matter. I want to research the background of why this is going on, and possibly explain both sides of the matter.
Source one:
Personal survey that I will administer to average people to get their opinions on the matter.
Essential content: The essential content of the survey will allow me to gather people’s opinions and knowledge on the subject
What it proves: I do not know what it will prove, but it will definitely prove something.
Essential context: This source is giving information on police brutality, and the effects that it has had on this country. The source talks about a particular incident in Oakland, Ca, where a man was forced to the ground without threatening police, and shot in the back, all while being video taped by at least five people.
What it proves: This source proves that police brutality is alive and well in this country, supporting the idea of kneeling for the pledge.
Essential Context: This article talks about how the protest started, and gave Collin Kaepernicks view and the reasons that he started the protest. It also gives insight on the reasons the protest started.
What it proves: This source gives us more information on what the protest is, and the origin of protesting. This article further explains Collin Kapernicks whole view on it, and why he even started the protest in the first place.
Essential context: talks about what it means to be an american, and how proud we should be as a nation. It is unspoken that we as Americans have a devoted love to their country, and writing this song was just one of the many ways that we as Americans show our love to the flag and our country.
What it proves: How much pride some people have in the country, that they decided to make a song showing it. The song has lines like “And Ill proudly stand up” talking about standing up and fighting for the country that they love.
Essential Context: This article talks about the 49ers still protesting, and gives Roger Goodell’s (The NFL commissioner) statement on the matter. Roger Goodell states that he supports the players right to peacefully protest, but he does not want it to effect the attendance at football games.
What it proves: It proves that kneeling has become a big issue dealing with patriotism in the country, and even after statements from the commissioner have been released, players are still doing it because they feel so strongly.
For my research paper, I chose the counterintuitive topic of freedom of speech, freedom of speech concerning out president. Donald J. Trump has multiple times gone on television and has said basically whatever he wants too. He has cursed, called people out and has said things without thinking twice about them. Also Trump’s tweets have been taken to a whole new level.
The Essential Content of the article: Explains how Trump says everything and anything, shows how he says major announcements casually which is not how they should be announced.
What it Proves: Trump has no experience, and has not accomplished high presidential standards.
The Essential Content of the article: Trump has or may have not been called a moron by a government official. It has now became more important then any economic or political issue going on right now in our country.
What It Proves: Trump can call an NFL football player a “Son of a Bitch” and it is seemingly okay? But, as soon as the tables are reversed all hell breaks loose. There is no freedom of speech for the famous, the celebrities, or anyone in the public eye. They get bashed and hate for speaking freely, but it is okay for our PRESIDENT to say and do whatever it is that he wants.
The Essential Content of the article: Trump threatens to terminate Iran deal if it is not strengthened, because they ruined “the spirit of it”. Iran warns U.S. not to terminate deal, no one will ever trust U.S. again. Trump is forcing congress to better the deal.
What it Proves: Trump makes it clear that he can do whatever he wants. He can say and do whatever he wants because “he is the President”
The Essential Content of the article: Trump has again bashed Puerto Rico in a tweet. Trump claimed that the consequences of the hurricane are because of them and threatens to pull federal emergency management.
What It Proves: Trump is treating Puerto Rico as if they’re second-class citizens. Trump gets away with tweeting negative things about Americans. He again makes it clear that he can do whatever he wants because he is the president.
The Essential Content of the article: Trump again slams another state. Trump trashes New Hampshire when he describes it as a “drug infested den”. Two moths ago he acted on the presidential opioid commission and declared the crisis as a national emergency and still has not done anything to put the plan in action.
What it Proves: Our president should not be trashing our country in any way. He freely says unprofessional things without any question of it. Trump has also not acted on several of his promises.
Proposal- For my research essay I am going to be discussing why helmets in football make the game more dangerous. Forever, football has been a very dangerous sport, causing injuries the can cause a lifetime of pain. Many blows to the head causes players to form CTE, a brain condition where plaques eat away the brain tissue.
Football equipment has come a long way since the leather heads, but players are still receiving concussions. The use of protective equipment is prompting players to hit harder, due to a phenomenon called risk compensation.
The Essential Content of the article: This article provides information about CTE such as causes, symptoms, treatments, and who is more at risk. It goes into detail about how CTE destroys the body.
What it Proves: This article shows how CTE is caused by playing American football, and how it destroys the human body.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article describes how risk compensation prompts humans to act more aggressively, increasing the risk for injury. The article lists how risk compensation plays a role in football, rugby, baseball, skiing, and everyday bicycle helmet use.
What it Proves: The article proves that more protection leaded to more aggressive, riskier behavior. It gives this phenomenon a name, and backs it up with scientific findings.
The Essential Content of the Article: This study concluded that rugby players wearing the head gear, actually received more concussions.
What it Proves: Head protection may increase your chances of concussions in rugby and football. It also shows that out of all the players in the study, only 9 received concussions.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article discusses how University of New Hampshire professor Erik Swartz proposes the idea that helmets may be hurting our players.
What it Proves: Taking helmets out of football can reduce the number of concussions by causing players to play much safer. The article also proves how the idea of risk compensation can apply to not just sports.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article talks about how ESPN football broadcaster Ed Cunningham quit his job because of all the brain trauma in the sports. Cunningham a player himself, tells his story about how he cannot stand to watch players retire early due to health concerns.
What it Proves: This article proves how CTE has affected one mans life. Not directly, but indirectly it caused him to quit a top job in sports. The brain trauma and injuries were too much for him to handle, and he did not want to be disturbed by it anymore.
For my research essay, I will be discussing weather or not receiving a identity chip will be beneficial toward humanity or will it be a terrible idea. Having a identity chip can provide a surplus of benefits for society for example it can make buy things simpler or even starting a vehicle simpler as well. But as mush as this can be beneficial it could be a disasters. People can choose not to receive the identity chip because of the lack of piracy.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article provides a strong argument on a positive outlook on why having a microchip implanted will be help towards human society. The author talks about how they tried to embedded a microchip from a train card into their body so that they can gain access with a wave of a hand and no card. Also he talks about if we can eventually have a microchip that is truly universal that was embedded in our bodies then it would be very help because we could have access to so much of the digital world. For example we can purchase things for the store with a wave of hand or withdraw money from the ATM without putting in a pin number. Simple things such as this will be extremely easier and safer. The author claims that having a micro chip embedded in our bodies will come more in handy for certain things.
What it Proves: By this author listing the positive of having a identity chip within our bodies will help me provide better arguments for my research paper.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article provides a list of pros and cons of having a Identity chip embedded into our skin. A radio-frequency identification microchip that could used to identify your body. A pro is that it will be good for traveling because it will be able to pinpoint our exact location. A con will be security reasons such as, if microchips exist then microchips readers will also exists as well. If a person has a microchip then they will be able to see your identity with out you having a say in the matter. This author claims that having a microchip can be dangerous as much as it is useful because of the lack of privacy due to the microchip readers.
What it Proves: By this author stating pros and cons it gives me more information on mu topic also it gives me more information on the cons on this topic.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article provides information on clubbers in Spain choosing to have a RFID chip implanted instead of a regular membership card because this way they will be able to skip lines and gain entry into the club. The article also talks about how this clubs states the benefits of having this chip is that it will be safer for people because they will not have to bring a wallet because they won’t need it. They have an in-house credit that will be linked to the micro chip. This way people leaving the club will be safer from robbery. This author claims that having a microchip is very beneficial for clubbing and makes it more fun and more safe.
What it Proves: By this article giving a positive example of how the microchips could be a great impact on society it gives me more information to write a better argument for the positives of having a microchip.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article talks about a company named Three Squared Market is inserting micro chips into their employees hand right in-between the pointer and index finger. The article is about employees talking about how it is such great device and how it allows them to get into their office, log into their computers, and buy lunch with just a wave of their hand. The claim this author is making is that having a microchip is a plus in the eyes of these employees because it makes the a simple task even easier.
What it Proves: By this article giving a insight into a company where they allow their works to have this micro chip, and have them talk about how great it is. It gives my more information to use in my research paper.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article provides another positive outlook on the micro chip. In this article the author talks about how it will be easier to unlock doors and how losing keys will never be an issue. The author of the article is a fan of the new technology and also gives useful information on the subject. The claim he makes it that having this microchip will make finding your lose car keys extremely easier to find, also he claims having this chip in general will make life easier.
What it Proves: By this article talking about the positives of this device it gives me more useful information on the positives of have this microchip embedded in our skin.
For my research essay I will be examining the business ethics and corporate social responsibility and searching for reasons about companies falling. In one case study by Peter Arlow in the journal of business ethics discussed around what age do people show poor business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Arlow’s research results came out to be that college students’ ethical attitudes are influenced more by exposure to the to the larger socio-cultural norms than by education in specific disciplines, which may have implications for business ethics instructions.
The most common mistake for the lack of ethics and CSR is on business owners who don’t set rules and standards for a company. The world itself puts our young minds fresh out of college into difficult positions where we must make a choice to keep our jobs or else we get cut. Having business ethics is important but without corporate social responsibility a business can not succeed. When we think of businesses everyone always wonders why a specific business is failing. The main problem usually comes from disloyal employees who are unethical but not because of how their parents raise them it’s how society raises them.
The Essential Content of the Article: This source provides information about Enron, was big natural gas industry that once was a big success but turned out to be a big fraud. The article gives information about Enron how they collapsed.
What it Proves: It proves that without any business ethics a company can crumble.
The Essential Content of the Article: This source gives detailed information and data demographic of age groups to find out in what age do people start to have poor ethics. It also proves the stereotypes wrong of individuals in business and their behavior.
What it Proves: It proves that people tend to lack ethics once they reach and start living in the real world on their own.
The Essential Content of the Article: This source explains five strategies guidelines for managers to incorporate in their businesses. CSR is important to any company because without it the company will not succeed for long term. CSR is all about planning and targeting the customers you want to attract and help the company grow.
What it Proves: It proves that with corporate social responsibilities helps a company or a business figure out what their goals or missions of their business is and then gain income and benefits.
The Essential Content of the Article: This source demonstrates the explicit and implicit motives of CSR. For example the explicit consists of voluntary corporate policies and strategies while implicit consists of mandatory rules, values, and norms for a corporation. The article also explains how CSR is not only in the United States but Europe and beyond has gained that momentum and have noticed that this CSR rule has increased production due to the benefits that employees also get for working for a company like health benefits, fair wage, and protection.
What it Proves: It proves that for CSR to succeed in a business there must be a lot of control either respecting the rules that are voluntary put by management or mandatorily put by the NBSs. Other than respecting the rules, the employees must follow up on them and act upon it or else they will get fired.
The Essential Content of the Article: This source describes the biggest scandals that happened because of unethical practices. Not having ethics can lead to so many bad consequences that we or the company does not need, it could literally drop the value of a company and many “loyal” customers will start switching because of lies.
What it Proves: It proves that not doing the right thing always goes bad and people/the world will find out and instead of the company having net income they will result in having net loss.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article explains how Obama separated police brutality and racism, and how he was right for doing so. This article also brings up how a white homeless man was killed by a police.
What it Proves: My thesis is how police brutality and racism are connected. This article will help me counter-argue my argument because it claims how white people get killed by police too.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article explains how racism is not main victim of police brutality. Instead they say it is the social class a person is in.
What it Proves: This goes against my argument because I believe the problem is race and has nothing to do with class. To prove this I have a case where a police pulls over a state attorney.
The Essential Content of the Article: This article explains how violent criminal acts are who police are more likely to shoot in America.
What it Proves: This articles goes against my argument, so it will help me in defending my case. The article states how police are more likely to shoot violent attacks, but when a white person attacks police they usually don’t shoot.
The Essential Content of the Article: This video shows a black man sitting on his moms porch while being interrogated by two police officers. The police officer claimed someone called and said they saw him breaking into the house. When the police walked away she says no one actually called, she was just suspicious. Eventually man sitting on porch gets punched.
What it Proves: It proves that police profile black people. Which then can lead to police to attacking them more likely than they would attack a white person. The police punched and arrested the black man because he assumed the man was breaking into a house.
The Essential Content of the Article: This video shows a news reporter talking about a little girl who was held at gun point because her security alarm accidentally went off. When the police found her, she was in bed watching tv.
What it Proves: This video proves the shows the lack of empathy that some cops possess.
The Essential Content of the Article: This video shows an officer plating drugs in someones backyard. (He thought his camera was off) The officers then goes to the street, ‘turns on his camera’ and then says I’m going to check over here, and ‘finds’ the drugs he planted
What it Proves: This video shows the extent officers will go to get someone in trouble. The person had nothing in their backyard, but they got in trouble for what the officer planted.
In January, 1986, the solid booster rockets that were to launch NASA’s space shuttle Challenger into orbit suffered a catastrophic failure 73 seconds into the launch. All seven crew were killed in the disaster, most likely from the impact of their cabin striking the ocean below. The weather in Florida was very cold; ice had formed on the launch pad overnight, but the launch proceeded despite the known risk of low ambient temperatures, partly because of public interest in this particular launch. For the first time, a non-astronaut—”ordinary citizen” Christa McAuliffe—was a member of a shuttle crew. The nation was riveted.
The launch, most uncommonly, was broadcast live on TV. Millions of schoolkids watched as the events unfolded, including McAuliffe’s students, gathered in their classroom to celebrate their teacher’s accomplishment. For 72 seconds, they were jubilant, but then an explosion separated the boosters from the shuttle and the launch catastrophically failed.
The Common Explanation
The immediate cause of the explosion was the failure of O-Rings to contain the immense pressure of combustion within the rocket.
The complicated issue of causation
The answer to the question “Why did the Challenger Fail?” or its corollary question, “Why did Christa McAuliffe die?” is complicated, since no single cause can be isolated.
Several causes can be named, some distant, some immediate, some precipitating.
Among them:
The O-rings failed
The design required a warm ambient temperature at launch
NASA ignored warnings that the weather was too cold
The decision to send a civilian to space created pressure to launch
NASA was emboldened by the program’s success to take an unprecedented risk
A most unlikely explanation
One explanation very rarely heard is that the Challenger failed because of the way Romans decided to build their horse-drawn carts when Rome ruled most of the known world and could establish a global standard.
Roman war chariots were built with wheels spaced 4 feet, 8-1/2 inches apart. The apparently arbitrary width was determined to be the width of two war horses’ rear ends yoked side by side to the chariot. The standard assured that horses would not pull a too-wide wagon through any opening wide enough only for them.
Before long, the much traveled and justly famous Roman roads developed deep grooves at the established separation, discouraging any other wheel spacings.
As England was part of the Roman Empire, English carts came to adopt the Roman standard to take advantage of the path of least resistance established by the ruts carved by Roman chariots.
When railroads first began to replace horse-drawn carts as the preferred mode of transportation for long journeys, the same cartwrights using the same patterns and tools as they used for carts, passed on the standard wheel spacing with which they were already familiar. By 1850, the 4 feet, 8-1/2 inch spacing had become known as the “standard guage” for railroad cars throughout the British Empire, including India, where the connection between Chariots and Railroads is obvious in the photo above.
Early railroads in America naturally adopted the odd but increasingly accepted English “standard gauge” as well. As more track was laid in England and America, deviation from the standard was a costly and foolish error for any investor in a new train line.
Tunnels were carved through mountains no wider than necessary to accommodate two trains passing one another, which limited not only the width but also the height of the cars or their cargo. The width of two Roman warhorse rear ends had come to dominate the widths of roads, then rails, then railcars, then tunnels, then what could be hauled in one piece by train through the mountains.
The solid rocket boosters that propelled many successful shuttle launches into space are enormous structures, as you can see by comparing them to the trucks following the shuttle conveyor to the launch pad.
When NASA awarded the contract for the design and construction of those boosters to the Morton-Thiokol Corporation of Utah, the die was cast for catastrophe. The boosters could have been built as a solid single piece, but those segments would never have made it through the tunnels they would have to have traversed through the Rocky Mountains on their way to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
So, they were built in sections, shipped in pieces, assembled in Florida, and wrapped by the now-infamous rubber O-Rings that failed so catastrophically on the day of the Challenger disaster.
Why did Christa McAuliffe die? Because of the width of a horse’s ass.
Rowan Counterintuitive 