Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)

Taking guns away from our citizens will only make it easier for criminals to commit crimes against society.

Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)

Taking guns away from our citizens will take away freedoms granted by nature and will take away my ability to defend myself or my family.

Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)

If guns were made illegal in America, and Mexico still sold illegal, unregistered weapons across the border then crime rates will rise substantially.

A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)

Taking away the entire population’s guns results in a defenseless country without a militia. This opens us up to the same scenarios that brought us to our Revolutionary War.

Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)

Taking guns away from the American people does not make them safer.

1. Fast food and other poor eating habits are affecting people around the world negatively regarding their health.
2. When one person in the family eats poorly not only himself but his children could be born with high blood pressure or other health issues.
3. Poor eating habits, lack of exercise, and obesity could be related to heart problems.
4. Due to excessive amounts of commercials and other forms of advertising fast food poor eating habits are formed and passed down to their children and so on that now fast food and poor eating habits are accepted world wide.
5. If you eat fast food once in moderation you will become obese.

The

In Vancouver, the crime rate is large because heroin addicts are committing crimes to support their habits. These addicts are having a hard time completing daily activities such as maintaining jobs, interactions, and relationships. The users often have no limits when it comes to getting their hands on heroin which has led a lot of theft. The “Free Heroin for Addicts” program is attempting to lower the crime rate of the city by providing heroin easily so that addicts do not have to commit crimes to get the drug. The program will also keep heroin users out of the hospital by reducing the use of laced drugs and unsanitary needles. The downfall to the program is that it will not help addicts move towards recovery.

 

The Birth of Street Crime

African American people tend to commit street crimes because they are living in poverty and were once slaves. In 1619, the first slave ships landed in the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia. Slaves were people from Africa that was brought to work for their slave owners. Slaves were tortured, forced to live in impoverished communities, forced to work for free, and were deprived of the basic ability to learn. Slave owners had complete control over the slaves and they made it nearly impossible to survive. There has been a correlation between 1619, and present day. Although these tames are drastically different, there are many similarities between these times. Viewing the horrific timeline from 1619 to present day, there is a chain reaction producing street crime.

Slavery thrived for an excruciating 245 years. In 1776, the Founding Fathers of America created the Declaration of Independence, which would later free slaves. Slavery would then be a problem for African Americans for the next 89 years. The 13th Amendment was created later in the year of 1865, which freed slaves.

After slavery, African Americans worked for very little pay. African Americans could not makes sufficient money ironically, because the only way to make sufficient money was to own farms. They wasn’t able to own land, so they found themselves working in the same farms where they were once enslaved. Farmers were the driving force of their economy. Africans couldn’t own land because they were not considered citizens of the US. This is similar to problems we have today with wages and living conditions. According to the United Sates Census Bureau, in a chart of the median household income, the average African Americans household makes only $33,321. This is a little more than half of White household’s income. Furthermore, the average wages of African American ex-cons are documented to make $5.33, which is less than white ex-cons. Trying to survive in society with these wages is nearly impossible. Most ex-cons end up living in the same environment that lead to their arrest. Even though both ex-cons and ex-slavers are free, theirs living situations seems all too familiar.

During segregation, African Americans were not allowed to integrate into White communities therefor, Africans lived in impoverished communities. These communities were secluded away from white communities. This is similar to the way communities are structured in present day. The structure on today’s communities started when the America shifted from an agricultural economy to a factory driven economy in the 19th century. As the industrial age grew, and the agricultural age declined, people began to leave the farming life behind and move to cities and towns with factory jobs. The nation’s wage earnings began to come from people who were formally self-employed but now employed by major corporations. Blacks and Whites where living in segregated communities, but they were more often working in the same factories in their cities and towns. This increase in the industrial age also came to a decline at the fault of the great depression. In 1929-39, America along with many other countries suffered from the largest economic fall in history. This economic fall forced many companies to lay off workers, causing vast unemployment and hardships. After 1939, the economy recovered after the New Deal and World War II’s contribution to the industrial industry.

Whites began to leave the cities and move to suburban areas where blacks weren’t allowed. Public Housing policies were still preventing Blacks from taking most opportunities that were available to Whites. In a broadcast on “Fresh Air,” Richard Rothstein said that “the second policy, which was probably even more effective in segregating metropolitan areas, was the Federal Housing Administration, which financed mass production builders of subdivisions starting in the 30’s and then going on to the 40’s and 50’s in which those mass production builders, places like Levittown for example, and Nassau County in New York and in every metropolitan area in the country, the Federal Housing Administration gave builders like Levitt concessionary loans through banks because they guaranteed loans to lower interest rates for banks that the developers could use to build these subdivisions on the condition that no homes in those subdivisions be sold to African Americans.” This was to ensure that public housing would only be used to house people of the same race in which it was located (Richard Rothstein). This pushed Whites out of the public housing communities and trapped Blacks in. The overpopulation and low income of communities made poverty spread like a disease.

As poverty started to grow problems started to rise and street crime was born. After WWII, war veterans returned home to these overpopulated and impoverished communities with more problems to deal with. One of these problems was drug addiction. Drugs such as morphine and heroin was regularly used in wars as pain killers. According to an article on narconon.org, “morphine was the only thing that made the gunshot, amputation and recovery tolerable.” Many soldiers became addicted to the drug and even after the war was over they couldn’t shake the addiction. Heroin was crated first by boiling morphine at the end of the 19th century. According to the same article, “in 1898, the Bayer pharmaceutical company began an aggressive marketing campaign to sell its commercial preparation of heroin. Heroin was heavenly promoted as being non-addicting, and therefore an excellent treatment for morphine addiction. In 1906, the American Medical Association approved Heroin for general use and recommended that is be used in place of morphine.” Heroin flooded the bodies of the solders so they had to feed their addiction. Returning home and living in poverty prevented them from buying the drugs they needed. If someone needs money, but they are unemployed they will do anything to obtain the money. Committing crimes is the easiest way to make money living in interspersed communities. We as Americans have to figure out a way to undo all the wrongs done to African Americans in the past. It is easy for America to blame African Americans for what we go through in America, but it’s not our fault its America’s fault.

Works Cited

“Heroin History 1900s.” Narconon International. Narconon, Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

Staff, History .com. “The Great Depression.” History.com. History, 1 Jan. 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2016.

NPR. “Historian Says Don’t ‘Sanitize’ How Our Government Created Ghettos” NPR.org. Fresh air. 14 May, 2015. Web.6 Nov.

Staff, History .com. “Slavery In America.” History.com. History, 1 Jan. 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2016.

Romer, Christina D. “Great Depression.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2016. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

“Primary Documents In America.” Loc.gov. Web Guides,Web. 6 Nov. 2016.

White, Richard .. “The Rise of Industrial America.” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, Web. 06 Nov. 2

Wickham, DeWayne “Wickham: Do You Know When Slavery Began and Ended?” USA Today. Gannett, 10 Feb. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-245, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2013. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

Western, Bruce .. The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality (n.d.): n. pag. Scholar.Harverd.edu. Harvard University, 1 Aug. 2002. Web. 22 Nov. 2016

No Helmets In Football

The brain is the most vital part of our bodies because it houses our neurons which allows us to walk, talk, and move. A single very hard hit, or a series of smaller hits, can cause concussions, paralysis, or worse. Football is a sport that players can get go into a game and after one really hard helmet-to-helmet hit it can cause them to end their career early or become paralyzed. A collection of hard hit versus a one big hard hit can out weight a big hard hit because it can hard them later in life. In the NFL, most of the players are getting hit in the head region every down because they have a big helmet that can get in the way of them trying to get block.

Back then, players families would sue the NFL for their negligence for football player health. Over the years, NFL has taken better care of their player ever since the stories about the injuries that can occur after being in the NFL. For example,  a famous linebacker named Junior Seau made headlines when the world found out that he shot himself in the chest at the age of 43. His family was devastated and sued the NFL after they found the brain report for Junior Seau. Studies showed that Junior Seau had “‘a degenerative brain disease linked to repeated head hits and brain trauma.'” The family won and ever since that came out the people believe that the  NFL has been trying to help make the game safer for the players.

The battle between are helmets really safe in the National Football League as been going on for years now. This is the first time I have heard that football players shouldn’t wear helmets and just tackle differently. As a result, with no helmets in football, players will be more cautious of their head when going in for a tackle. I propose the NFL eliminates helmets. Players will soon learn to tackle differently or get hurt. Football players when they wear helmets it can cause them to put their body at more dangerous situations than if they didn’t have any helmets because they want to protect their head or it could lead to losing a career and their lives changing dramatically.

NEW SOURCES:

A7FL. “Safety – A7FL.” A7FL. A7FL, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016

Brain Concussion – Shake It and You Break It | Steven Laureys | TEDxLiège. Dir. Dr. Steven      Laureys. Perf. Steven Laureys. YouTube. YouTube, 2 May 2016. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

Drysdale, Thomas A. “Journal of Legal Medicine.” Helmet-to-Helmet Contact: Avoiding a Lifetime Penalty. Taylor And Francis Online, 13 Dec. 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

 

 

The Epidemic

When looking at sports, you see good things that happen to athletes but then you also see bas things.  Some of the bad things that happen to athletes are them doing stupid things outside of the field or as bad as injuries.  Injuries are something that do not happen to only athletes but also to normal people in there everyday lives.  There can be bad injuries that happen to an athlete that can keep them away from their loved game for a while or they can have a small injury that some people can play through.  Looking at either of these, we have to know that in both cases, there are some ways to prevent the injuries and also, some ways to get back quicker during rehab.

We focus into one sport that is baseball and we can see that there is a very bad injury that happens to players all the time.  This injury is a tear of the UCL inside the elbow.  Usually to fix this, a doctor has to take a ligament from another part of the person and wrap it around the torn ligament inside of the elbow making the elbow stronger then it ever has been.  We hear this and we can think that no other surgery would have someone stronger then where they started.  The surgery came from a pitcher back in the day by the name of Tommy John who was the first to have this injury so it was based off him.

An article was wrote on the website of ESPN that gave some importance to the surgery itself.  While reading the article, i came across three bullets that marked the surgery trying to make people more aware of it.  The three things that this article said were:

1. Everyone has a successful outcome
2. The surgery improves performance. And perhaps the most troubling of all:
3. Young players should proactively seek Tommy John surgery to “prevent” a future problem and “enhance” performance.

We look at these three things and can only think as to why we don’t have the kids get this operation done at a young age.  It is never going to happen.  Kids arms are precious when they are young and in an article in which a man quoted words of his own to the parents of young pitchers.  He says,”I want to encourage the families and parents that are out there that this is not normal to have a surgery at 14 and 15 years old. That you have time, that baseball is not a year-round sport. That you have an opportunity to be athletic and play other sports. Don’t let the institutions that are out there running before you guaranteeing scholarship dollars and signing bonuses that this is the way..”  Kids love to play, but the ways sports are going now, they are overdoing it and its leading to earlier injuries in the arm.

To conclude this, we need to know that playing sports is not something that every kid gets to do.  Some kids would love to play but just maybe don’t have the athletic ability or maybe something wrong with them.  We need to know that at young ages, its more about having fun and learning to understand and get a better feel, not push the athlete over the top.  Kids need to learn how to love the game, not hate it because they are being pushed to hard.  Yes as they get older, if they still have what it takes, they will be pushed more and injuries become more common but there are ways we can stay away from injuries happening so early.

Work Cited

By the Time a Pitcher Arrives in Professional Baseball, the Wear and Tear on His Elbow Might Be Significantly Greater than It Once Was, Making Him More at Risk for Tommy John Surgery Early in His Career — and Consequently, More at Risk of Needing a Revis. “What We’ve Missed about Tommy John Surgery.” ESPN.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

“John Smoltz Warns Young Players about Tommy John Surgery in Hall of Fame Acceptance Speech.” USA Today. Gannett, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

In-class Exercise

Consider what you know about your own Topic and Thesis.
Make 5 brief Causal Arguments derived from your own research, as I have done on the Lecture Page “Types of Causal Arguments.”

1. Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
2. Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
3. Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
4. A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
5. Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)

Use the Reply field below to make your Arguments.