Bibliography – aaspiringwriter

1. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.

Background: India is the fastest growing economy in the world but keeping up with the competition is a tricky thing.

How I use it: I used this article to show a comparison between Chinese and Indian Economy in my paper since they are considered biggest competitors.

2. Pti. “India’s Growth Rate to Accelerate to 8-10% in 2-5 Years: CEA Arvind Subramanian.” The Economic Times. N.p., 26 Feb. 2016. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.

Background: The Economic Advisor predicts the growth of India in the coming years

How I use it: I used this article to provide the estimated growth of India in the next 2-5 years in my research paper.

3. Fensom, Anthony. “China, India To Lead World By 2050, Says PwC.” The Diplomat. The Diplomat, 12 Feb. 2015. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.

Background: Asia’s powerhouse economies are predicted to be dominant by mid-century.

How I use it: This article provides evidences why India is predicted to overtake china, this evidence makes my argument stronger.

4. “Poverty & Equity.” Poverty & Equity Data | India | The World Bank. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: World Bank provides statistics of poverty in India.

How I use it: I used these statistics in my paper to give an estimate of poverty in India.

5. Media, Triami. “Historic Inflation India – CPI Inflation.” Historic Inflation India – Historic CPI Inflation India. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: The historic Indian Inflation rate based upon consumer price index (CPI).

How I use it: This article helped me get an overview of the change in the inflation rate of India in the recent years.

6. President, BCG Senior Vice. “Direct/indirect Employment IT Industry India 2008-2016 | Statistic.” Statista. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: The statics shows the amount of employment opportunities created by the Indian IT sector in 2008-2016.

How I use it: This article helped me demonstrate how many jobs IT industry has been able to create in India and How it is a major contributor of the Indian economy.

7.“Brand India.” IT Industry in India, Indian Information Technology, ITeS Sector, Services. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: India has become the top destination for IT companies around the world.

How I use it: This article helped me demonstrate the growth of IT sector in India and how it is influencing Indian economy.

8. “World Bank Says India Faces Stark Digital Divide – Times of India.” The Times of India. Business, 10 May 2016. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: Digital Revolution in India has brought a digital gab between the rural and the urban India.

How I use it: This article helped me shows how Indian cities are advancing with the development in digital technology and how villages are left behind and neglected.

9. August 29, 2014 International Agricultural Trade Reports. “India’s Agricultural Exports Climb to Record High.” India’s Agricultural Exports Climb to Record High | USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: India’s Agricultural Exports Climb to Record High.

How I use it: This article helped me provide data on how the agriculture Industry in India contributes to the economy and how majority of people are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.

10. “Farmer Population Falls by 9 Million in 10 Years – Times of India.” The Times of India. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: More and more farmers are opting out of farming.

How I use it: This article helped me demonstrate how farmers in India are opting out of farming because of the lack of resources.

Annotated Bibliography – thathawkman

Annotated Bibliography

1.Head, M. L. “The Extent and Consequences of P-Hacking in Science.The Extent and Consequences of P-Hacking in Science. PLoS Biol, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2016.

Background: This article analyzes the many different ways that scientific studies can be changed. From the bias of selection or the File-drawer effect and the concept of inflation (also known as p-hacking) Other methods of “unethical” methods of publishing is conducting analyses midway through experiments to decide whether to continue collecting data a, using many response variables and deciding which to report in the post-analysis and whether to include or drop outliers post analyses, excluding, combining, or splitting treatment groups post analysis stopping data exploration if an analysis yields a significant p-value manipulating the given data to see what correlatesAre false positive.

How I Used It: I derived many of the different implications and methods that scientists can use to have control over the study which should be influenced by the scientist. I also defined the many different methods and cited the article’s definition of publication bias.

2. Rosenthal, Robert. “The File Drawer Problem And Tolerance For Null Results.” Psychological Bulletin 86.3 (1979): 638-641. PsycARTICLES. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

Background: This article delved deep into the bias known as the file Drawer problem and discussed in depth the implication that null results of studies that are not published to studies that are. Through mathematical computation, Robert Rosenthal found the ratio of how many ‘stored away’ studies it would take to make the significant data significant.

How I Used It: I primarily used this article for its analysis of the file drawer bias. I cited their definition and learned about the implications that both caused the bias and what the bias causes.

3.Aschwanden, Christie. “Science Isn’t Broken.” FiveThirtyEight. N.p., 19 Aug. 2016. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

Background: This web article delves deep to the utilization of  p-hacking and its process. It describes the potential of how the system where scientific studies are produced can be abused and how the scientific community itself understand that there is a problem. The author also speaks about how p-hacking is not innately evil but is caused due to bias. The article then describes the process of retracting statements and analyzed the situation as a whole and what it means for the scientific community

How I Used It: I used this article for describing in depth the process of p-hacking and what it can do. I also learned about the hardships that scientists have to undergo through and how biases can easily occur. This article also gave ideas of the rebuttal, as the author described that the p-hacking should not be considered as evil

4. Nielsen, MD Bodil. “Association of Funding and Conclusions in Randomized Drug Trials.Association of Funding and Conclusions in Randomized Drug Trials. The JAMA Network, 20 Aug. 2003. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.

Background: A study that analyzed the correlation between the type of funding a study received and the influence on if it made a noticeable impact on the number of positive studies made. This study took 370 randomly selected papers that tested a pharmaceutical drug and found what type of funding it received and if the study gave a positive result. They concluded that the studies that were funded by for-profit organizations  ended up more likely to publish in favor of the drug.

How I Used It: I used this study to show the relationship between corporation funding and studies. This I showed how this relationship favors the businesses as drugs that should not be verified as beneficial are now being verified due to the corporation’s influence.

5.

Turner, Erick H. “Selective Publication of Antidepressant Trials and Its Influence on Apparent Efficacy — NEJM.New England Journal of Medicine. N.p., 17 Jan. 2008. Web. 28 Nov. 2016.

Background: A study from in 2008 when the FDA that took replication tests  for 74 studies that proved the effectiveness of numerous FDA-registered antidepressants. They retested the published antidepressants and compared their results to the published results. Overall, a majority of the replications were found to be not positive.

How I Used It: I used this study to describe how often and easy it is for untrue claims to be able to be published. This simultaneously showed the strength and potency of replication tests.

6. “Vioxx Recall – Merck and FDA.DrugWatch. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2016.

Background: This article discusses the massive controversy for the drug Vioxx, a prescription painkiller. This drug was spread as quickly as possible but was eventually found that this drug more than doubled the risk of heart attacks and death. This massive controversy brought to light the issues with the publishing system and the FDA corruption.

How I Used It: I used this article to showcase the very real and prevalent issues that bias in scientific studies can cause. This also showcases how fallible the FDA is even though it was supposed to regulate problems to prevent issues like Vioxx created.

7.Hampton, Phil. “Pressure to ‘publish or Perish’ May Discourage Innovative Research, UCLA Study Suggests.UCLA Newsroom. N.p., 08 Oct. 2015. Web. 018 Nov. 2016

Background: The web article from UCLA discussed the lack of innovation from scientific studies and how a study quantified it. The study led by Jacob Foster analyzed a database of more than 6.4 million papers and analyzed papers for 1934 to 2008. Foster found that there has been a drastic decrease in innovation overall. Then they attempt to explain why the decrease has occurred, mentioning issues such as the need to consistently publish.

How I Used It: I used this article/study to demonstrate how narrow  the options a scientist can take really take. I also used this to describe how the lack of innovation can yield even bigger issues in the future.

8.

Hutt, Peter Barton. “Untangling the Vioxx-Celebrex Controversy: A Story about Responsibility.Tran, Lan. N.p., 4 May 2005. Web. 18 Nov. 2016.

Background: A complete in- depth review of the issues the drug Vioxx had. This article lists every interaction Vioxx legally had and supplies a response for each event. It goes from the approval process how the FDA approves drugs, to Merck’s inevitable withdrawal of Vioxx

How I Used It: I used this article by explicitly describing the process of how the FDA approves a drug and how it failed to deny Vioxx with its very harmful side effects. This allowed me to refute the idea that the FDA can complete prevent the consequences of bias studies.

9.

https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/lancet-retracts-wakefield-article/

Novella, Steven. “The Lancet Retracts Andrew Wakefield’s Article « Science-Based Medicine.” The Lancet Retracts Andrew Wakefield’s Article « Science-Based Medicine. N.p., 03 Feb. 2010. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.

Background: This article talks about Andrew Wakefield’s  controversial study that there was a relation between the measles vaccination and the development of autism. There were many people authors for the study and the article discussed how they officially renounced the study due to the many implications that the test made. The journal then celebrates and discusses how the journal that originally published the study, Lancet, denounced the study.

How I Used It: I used this study to prove the point that even though a completely biased study was taken down for almost every reason possible, the study still has a large effect to this day.

10.

Altman, D. G. “The Scandal of Poor Medical Research.The Scandal of Poor Medical Research | The BMJ. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: This article showcases and reasons why scientists are publishing studies that have noticeably dropped in quality.

How I Used It: This article familiarized me with the atmosphere that scientist face and the hardships that the scientists must work through in their field.

11.”Hypothesis Testing (cont…).Hypothesis Testing – Significance Levels and Rejecting or Accepting the Null Hypothesis. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: This web article explained the processes of how a study is found. This explains the definitions of keywords such as null hypothesis and p-value.

How I Used It: This article was used as a reminder for the information that I previously learned.

12.

Peng, Roger. “A Simple Explanation for the Replication Crisis in Science.A Simple Explanation for the Replication Crisis in Science · Simply Statistics. N.p., 24 Aug. 2016. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: This article discussed the idea of looking at previous studies to reprove what the study accomplished and why there is a lack of them.  It discusses what these test actually can infer and its extent on previous studies. It also spoke about how it is much harder than it seems to replicate the studies perfectly as many different factors contribute to the overall data.It also mentions the lack of incentive to do these replication test

How I Used It: This article allowed me to further understand what a replication test entails for science as a whole and its limitations. Overall this article emphasized the importance of replication studies to keep and why there is a lack of them

13.

Fanelli, Daniele. “Do Pressures to Publish Increase Scientists’ Bias? An Empirical Support from US States Data.Do Pressures to Publish Increase Scientists’ Bias? An Empirical Support from US States Data. N.p., 21 Apr. 2010. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background:This article analyzes the biases that studies faces and compares studies to calculate whether or not the pressure to publish altered the data in any way.

How I Used It: This familiarized me with many different types of biases and the atmosphere that the scientists are in. It also proved that there is a relationship, which helps my thesis.

14.

Who Pays for Science?Who Pays for Science? N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: An article that explains where funding for scientific studies come from and the potential for studies to be altered due to money.

How I Used It: I used this article to understand the payment method for studies and where issues can arise at.

15.https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/as-drug-industrys-influence-over-research-grows-so-does-the-potential-for-bias/2012/11/24/bb64d596-1264-11e2-be82-c3411b7680a9_story.html

Background: This was an article that lists the negative side that pharmaceuticals have and how much influence the organizations have to get away. It lists numerous different controversy and explains the reasoning of how this power shift came to be

How I Used It: This article familiarized me with how prevalent the corruption of the pharmaceutical companies is. This article also gave me an example that I eventually used in my essay

 

 

Self-Reflective Statement – scarletthief

Core Value I. My work demonstrates that I used a variety of social and interactive practices that involve recursive stages of exploration, discovery, conceptualization, and development.

For my Visual Rewrite and Definition Rewrite paper, I took advantage of Professor Hodges feedback to develop and improve my work. For my Visual Rewrite, my first draft had little depth as I never went into the emotional or significance of the environment and the actions of the characters in the video “Your Son’s Messed Up Haircut.” Although I mentioned how the son didn’t have a large reaction to his mother’s shaving mistake, I hadn’t dissected the meaning behind his reaction. For my second draft of the paper, after receiving meaningful and helpful feedback from the professor, I explained in thorough detail the meaning behind the actions I described in the video such as the squeeze after the hug at the end of the video. In the first draft I said the mother hugs her son, but to go deeper into the action I added how a squeeze after the initial hug typically is used to show support and care toward the person being hugged. Hugs in general don’t mean much, but in this context where we find out the son is adopted and that the “squeeze hug” means his adoptive mother loves him as if he was her own flesh and blood.

In my Definition Rewrite, I missed explaining the main reason to why self-identification of race is more important today than it ever has been. Professor Hodges immediately pointed this out and his advice was greatly appreciated. While revising the essay, I addressed how applicants of college scholarships, college admissions, and work institutions were the main subjects who find racial identification of the utmost importance. This core value has been met.

Core Value II. My work demonstrates that I placed texts into conversation with one another to create meaning by synthesizing ideas from various discourse communities. 

I did not converse much with my peers during the writing of my Definition Rewrite and Rebuttal Rewrite. I had used Professor Hodge’s feedback wisely to address points in my posts that I had missed. I am unsure if I responded enough to the feed back though. Despite my lack of peer discussions, I used multiple articles to help form the thesis of my papers with evidence and information. Especially for my Rebuttal Rewrite, I used sources to not the similarity of race and gender in general, then countered this by mentioning that self-identifying as a race and gender are actually very different. In this case, I have met the requirements for this core value as I did create an essay that compared two almost unrelated topics by using the information of several sources.

Core Value III. My work demonstrates that I rhetorically analyzed the purpose, audience, and contexts of my own writing and other texts and visual arguments.

For an exercise in class, I was given the opportunity to give feedback to yankeeskid6prof2020, and dublin517’s on their Definition, Causal, and Rebuttal posts respectively. By analyzing their posts, I gained a greater understanding of what my audience would also want from my works: a clear thesis, direct explanations, and relative examples. I definitely applied what I learned to my Definition Rewrite by clarifying my thesis and writing as concisely as possible for my examples. I can say I have meat the requirements for this core value.

Core Value IV: My work demonstrates that I have met the expectations of academic writing by locating, evaluating, and incorporating illustrations and evidence to support my own ideas and interpretations.

For almost all of my works, I have met this core value. My Definition RewriteRebuttal Rewrite, and Research Paper all incorporate evidence from multiple articles to support my theses. I have used beyond the minimum required number of sources in order to properly describe my ideas. My Rebuttal Rewrite is the best example of how I went beyond the required the expected number of sources which ranged from The Huffington Post articles to pediatrician tips for parents.

Core Value V. My work demonstrates that I respect my ethical responsibility to represent complex ideas fairly and to the sources of my information with appropriate citation. 

Maintaining this core value was of the utmost importance by citing the sources I used in my Research PaperRebuttal Rewrite, and Definition Rewrite. I learned to properly cite through the Good Citation exercise assigned by Professor Hodges. Instead of using parenthetical citations after sentences or paragraphs, I have inserted the author and title of the articles into my essays along with the information I drew from the sources. I have given the sources of the information respect through my citations in my posts and have not tried to pass of their ideas as my own. I have only used their ideas to help embody my own idea of self-identifitication.

 

Reflection- jsoccer5

Core Value I. My work demonstrates that I used a variety of social and interactive practices that involve recursive stages of exploration, discovery, conceptualization, and development.

Throughout this semester I did not always utilize the complete process that is involved in this core value. I found myself often times falling behind in getting course work done on time leaving the professor not much time to give me feedback which is only my fault. However, I was able to apply this core value through the help of others around me as well as constantly building on my research to develop my research position piece. When writing my visual argument for the first time I did the assignment all wrong. After receiving feedback from Professor Hodges about not doing this assignment correctly I found time to meet with him to go over how I could improve my paper. After making proper revisions based on the feedback provided and revisiting the assignment page, I produced a very good visual analysis. I also found that because of the assignment of White Pages, I was able to fulfill this value by using my white pages as a place I constantly used to jot down ideas and sources and never stopped adding to and editing. By doing this I was able to compile my thoughts to create my research paper for the end of the semester. The format you designed for this class was confusing to me in the beginning but now makes sense as you needed to go through a process to produce your best work.

Core Value II. My work demonstrates that I placed texts into conversation with one another to create meaning by synthesizing ideas from various discourse communities. 

The design of this class was helpful in implementing conversation and ideas into my writing. My thesis for my research paper began being too broad and unclear. Through conversations we had in class as well as conversations with the Professor, I was able to narrow my thesis a bit. After the lecture we had on research tips, I began to think more about my topic and after discussing my ideas with classmates I decided to want to relate my topic to another topic. I did this by relating the age limit on tobacco and the positive affects it had on society to how we could prevent childhood obesity from getting worse. Throughout the entire semester the conversations and lectures that happened in class were extremely helpful. Also I found that the bouncing ideas off other students and classmates help to improve our ideas and writing. I feel I was able to fulfill this core value.

Core Value III. My work demonstrates that I rhetorically analyzed the purpose, audience, and contexts of my own writing and other texts and visual arguments.

In my writing throughout the semester I always considered the purpose, audience and context of my writing whenever I began to write. I found myself being more cautious of this due to our writing being on a blog website that anyone can view. While writing many of my papers, I often would view other works to see how they fulfilled the requirements and to help me make sure I did the same. I also always remembered that other students may possibly be doing the same and with that I found myself constantly analyzing the purpose and context of my papers. I feel when writing my rebuttal argument I did this as I wanted to make sure I was following the proper instructions. I was careful to analyze the text I used in the paper and build the strongest argument possible. When writing this piece, I was very cautious to remember who my audience could be and the purpose of the assignment at hand. Once I completed that assignment, I felt myself analyzing the rest of my work more intensely to make sure I was making the argument I want to make and that it is being portrayed properly.

Core Value IV: My work demonstrates that I have met the expectations of academic writing by locating, evaluating, and incorporating illustrations and evidence to support my own ideas and interpretations.

My research paper is a direct outcome of this value. I was able to use different sources to help support my own ideas through the paper. When reading and evaluating different sources, I was able to identify what pieces from these sources would benefit my arguments and I was able to incorporate them in my writing. I also found that when creating my white pages, that when I listed a summary of what was in each source, I was able to locate what was in each article and how to use the evidence most effectively in my writing. After writing my different papers and beginning to work on my annotated bibliography I found that writing how I used each source in my papers helped me better understand, if the evidence supported my own ideas properly.

Core Value V. My work demonstrates that I respect my ethical responsibility to represent complex ideas fairly and to the sources of my information with appropriate citation. 

At the beginning of the writing process I was very unsure that I was using proper citation and fulfilling my ethical responsibility as a writer. When taking this class previously, as well as another class in the writing department, I was accused of plagiarism by my professor due to not putting an in text citation and instead using a format like “in this article published/written by this person”. Professor Hodges told the class that is not how we should be citing which was confusing for me in the begging as I was afraid to do anything close to what I completed before. After Professor Hodges explained to me how to cite the way he liked I became more confident with how to use appropriate citation. In all three of my argument papers, rebuttal, definition, and causal, as well as my research paper I used proper citation with fulfilling my ethical responsibilities and giving credit to authors when using their ideas.

 

reflective statement – smokesdabear

Core Value I. My work demonstrates that I used a variety of social and interactive practices that involve recursive stages of exploration, discovery, conceptualization, and development.

What I really established from Comp II is one of the most important parts of writing is the ability to take feedback or criticism and understand how to use that criticism to improve what you have written. looking back on past assignments I realized that I had only gotten feedback on one assignment. The one assignment was my Stone Money rewrite. I was not custom to the idea of requesting feedback as professors would normally automatically give feedback in my past courses. But from getting feedback on only one assignment substantially changed the way I took on future assignments. For example in my “causal argument rewrite” I attempted to find strong supporting evidence to the points I was making. Citing media interviews of eSport franchise owner Rick Fox that helped support the idea that the media has a very biased outlook on video games. Just one piece of feedback helped me realize that one; asking for feedback would be an optimal decision in a class surrounded by writing and two; having supporting evidence behind my judgments  add to the credibility of my writing.

Core Value II. My work demonstrates that I placed texts into conversation with one another to create meaning by synthesizing ideas from various discourse communities. 

Having a purpose and searching for that underlying message in a text and using critical thinking to find said underlying meaning is key in writing. After reading and watching several argumentative articles and videos on my topic of eSports. I came to the conclusion in my research position paper, that sports in our culture were not popularized because of the physical aspect in which sports are played, but more so the social aspect of them is what makes it so enjoyable to the public. Which then helped my stance on eSports and how it should be considered a sport. Having purpose leads to deeper and more critical thinking.

Core Value III. My work demonstrates that I rhetorically analyzed the purpose, audience, and contexts of my own writing and other texts and visual arguments.

When writing I have a set goal. The goal is to attempt and place a new form or style of rhetoric into my pieces. So to obtain these new and original forms I search and analyse other texts to form my own original format. Whether it is reading articles on my topic about eSports or analyzing other students work. For example coming from my “visual rewrite” I wanted to see how other students were attempting the task at hand. I noticed many were giving very simplistic and vague details when explaining their images. I realized that I could easily use my knowledge of film terminology to explain the images in the PSA much more effectively and efficiently. Terms I used for example were Waste shot, Extreme close ups and tracking

Core Value IV: My work demonstrates that I have met the expectations of academic writing by locating, evaluating, and incorporating illustrations and evidence to support my own ideas and interpretations.

Applying supporting evidence to ones claim is key piece to writing useful and informative observations. Without evidence ones claims or theories are thrown out the window. As discussed earlier an example where I show my use of supporting evidence is in my “causal rewrite” where my point that I am making is that the media is heavily involved in the creation of the false image that was given to video games. I then went onto citing evidence of a TMZ video interview with Rick Fox that show the bias TMZ holds on competetive gaming.

Core Value V. My work demonstrates that I respect my ethical responsibility to represent complex ideas fairly and to the sources of my information with appropriate citation. 

Going through this course time and time again, it has been noted that properly citing sources and honestly using them to support arguments is the ethical approach to writing persuasively. Which is why I attempted my hardest to not fall into the trap that is plagiarism, and coming up with my own original conceptualizations using evidence to support those conceptualizations was my objective. An example would be in my “Research paper”. where I got the idea that our society has been hindering the growth of eSports because of its set image of video games, and Ben Casselman the author of the article I cited had a great title that supported my idea which was “Resistance is Futile”, and helped progress my claims.

Bibliography-yeezygod21

Yaozong Ma. “Apple’s Conundrum: The Immutability of Liberty vs. Security.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Review | IJHSSR. 8 Oct 2016. Web. 8 Nov 2016. <http://www.ijhssrnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2.pdf >.

Background: This article talks about the scenario that was conducted when Federal Government wanted to access information on IPhone but they needed Apple support to override the security. However, Apple maintains to hold their stance of not exposing information to public because it would be a violation of privacy.

How I use it: I used this information to approach as my stance of how the government can be corrupt. Also, gives me factual support to make my reasoning stronger.

Craig Timberg and Greg Miller. “FBI blasts Apple, Google for locking police out of phones.” Columbia Public Schools / Home. 25 Sep . Web. 8 Nov 2016. <http://www.cpsk12.org/cms/lib8/MO01909752/Centricity/Domain/5012/FBI%20blasts%20Apple%20Google%20for%20locking%20police%20out%20of%20phones.pdf

Background: This article states that how other companies are creating forms of smartphone encryption to secure from law enforcements. Apple and Google have already started to conduct this form on their latest smartphones. Apple and other companies want users to be safe and keep their privacy than taken away by the law.

How I use it: This is a very good article I would say because it’s not just Apple facing this problem it other cellular phone services are now being expose too.

Felix Wu. “Law and Technology No Easy Answers in the Fight Over iPhone Decryption .” Sep 2016. Web. 10 Nov 2016. <http://static1.squarespace.com/static/52095f5de4b0bc18c96d1924/t/57d6075944024343d19e1fc5/1473644381121/Wu+-+2016+-+No+easy+answers+in+the+fight+over+iPhone+decryption%282%29.pdf&gt;.

Background: Thoroughly explaining how the FBI took this event to trial. We can see how the FBI is desperate and they need legal matters to accommodate them. The FBI has forgotten that it unconstitutional of invading someone privacy. Apple is countering them with this stance.

How I use it: I used this article in my essay of how Apple reasoning was valid on how the exposure of privacy is unconstitutional.

Rebecca Knight. “National Security or Consumer Privacy? A Question Even Siri Couldn’t Answer.” University of Cincinnati College of Law Scholarship and Publications | University of Cincinnati College of Law Research. Sep 2016. Web. 10 Nov 2016. <http://scholarship.law.uc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=ipclj&gt;.

Background: Rebecca Knight manufactured a proposition on her stance; she speaks of how the government is corrupt in her essay.

How I use it: I used her proposition as example of how she manages to bring attention to the readers. I looked for the similarities and differences to our points.

Bohyun Kim. “Cybersecurity and digital surveillance versus usability and privacy .” College & Research Libraries News . 2016. Web. 12 Nov 2016. <http://crln.acrl.org/content/77/9/442.full&gt;.

Background: The article opens with the debates of Cyber security vs problem. One of the debates is Cybersecurity vs Privacy. The debate talks about how the people use technology every day is being monitored twenty-four seven. And gradually questions readers about if privacy actually exists or not.

How I use it: It makes my Casual Argument stronger because the claims that were given.

Staff, Digital Trends. “Apple vs. The FBI: A complete timeline of the war over tech encryption.” Digital Trends. Digital Trends, 3 Apr. 2016. Web. 5 Nov. 2016.http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/apple-encryption-court-order-news/

Background: 

This article helps me understand the case better. There is a list the events that occurred during that time frame.

How I use it: I used this to explain the case more specifically because some other articles were more direct. Hidden information may be lost with other website; however this one was detail in my opinion.

Nakashima, Ellen. “FBI Paid Professional Hackers One-Time Fee to Crack San Bernardino IPhone.” Washington Post. Washington Post, 12 Apr. 2016. Web. 10 Nov. 2016.https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/fbi-paid-professional-hackers-one-time-fee-to-crack-san-bernardino-iphone/2016/04/12/5397814a-00de-11e6-9d36-33d198ea26c5_story.html?utm_term=.51a5b025adcc

Background: The article is about of how FBI hired professional hackers to hack IPhone.

How I use it: This provides me try incorporate in my essay of how the FBI is desperate and wants justice.

Stavridis, Admiral Jim. “Apple Vs. FBI Is Not about Privacy Vs. Security — It’s about How to Achieve Both.” Huffington Post. The Huffington Post, 8 Mar. 2016. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.http://www.huffingtonpost.com/admiral-jim-stavridis-ret/apple-fbi-privacy-security_b_9404314.html

Background: Talks about how Privacy and Security and be form together.

How I use it: This information I could talk about but its bias information and I can not use it to my advantage.

Hollister, Sean, et al. How an iPhone became the FBI’s public enemy no. 1 (FAQ). CNET, 20 Feb. 2016. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-versus-the-fbi-why-the-lowest-priced-iphone-has-the-us-in-a-tizzy-faq/

Background: Apple has an enemy which the FBI. Certain cases like this FBI will try to attack Apple because there are so many consumers use IPhone.

How I use it: It will be incorporate in my casual argument and explain with further detail.

Modhy, Karrishma. “Apple Vs FBI: Here’s Why Google, Microsoft, Facebook and Others Side with Tim Cook – Tech2.” News & Analysis. TechFirstpost, 2 Mar. 2016. Web. 20 Nov. 2016.

Background: Shows support from other companies in Tim Cook vs FBI. Tim cook is not alone there is team backing him up.

How I use it: To use information that Apple is not alone, third parties rising to this case.

Reflective- Princess272

Core Value I. My work demonstrates that I used a variety of social and interactive practices that involve recursive stages of exploration, discovery, conceptualization, and development.

In a lot of my work for this class, I used my roommate to help me edit my work, because he is very gifted when it comes to writing papers. He gave me quite a few ideas in order to help develop not only my position paper but all of my papers. When I first started my proposal +5, I originally started with the advantageous uses of stem cells for our society. After consulting with professor Hodges, I decided to use the angle that stem cells can be used without harming or killing humans. The more I researched, the more my argument developed and would eventually come full circle.

Core Value II. My work demonstrates that I placed texts into conversation with one another to create meaning by synthesizing ideas from various discourse communities.

Within my works, I utilized different articles and complied their information together; the best example of this is shown within the contents of my Causal Rewrite essay. Although this essay only has three main arguments, it utilizes information from four different articles in order to argue my point. Two of the articles compliment each other, so I used them to compliment each other within the section specific to it. One article spoke on how genetic code within a fertilized egg could inhibit the egg from ever developing into a human being; the second went into depth and described how this could occur. The author wrote about how specific hormones are needed to allow the cell to attach to the uterus wall and fertilized eggs with incorrect genetic codes release the wrong hormone. This as a result stops them from ever becoming humans. By synthesizing these two ideas, I was able to relay a better argument than if I just utilized the first.

Core Value III. My work demonstrates that I rhetorically analyzed the purpose, audience, and contexts of my own writing and other texts and visual arguments.

Before starting my first draft of Definition Rewrite, I researched what defines a human from different perspectives. These perspectives came from both secular and biblical perspectives in order to help define what a human is to everyone. Through using vastly different sources, such as scientific articles and the Bible, I was able to come to a consensus that both parties would agree on. Once agreed upon, I was able to attack the idea that a fertilized egg that’s been in existence for a about 4 weeks cannot be considered human by definition. By utilizing these texts and understanding my audience would use the notion that fertilized eggs are humans, I was able to refute this idea completely.

Core Value IV: My work demonstrates that I have met the expectations of academic writing by locating, evaluating, and incorporating illustrations and evidence to support my own ideas and interpretations.

I demonstrated that I could meet the standards and expectations of academic writing by coming up with counter intuitive ways to view different aspects of my research paper. I incorporated vastly different forms of evidence that ranged from biblical support to scientific support. The best examples of these are the essays Definition Rewrite and Rebuttal Rewrite. I came to the conclusion of utilizing such different forms of support, because I could not simply fight fire with fire. My argument before adding in the biblical stand point was very one sided and contained a lot of science, but many of the protesters of stem cells were religious groups that do not believe in science. As a result, I had to figure out a common ground between the two and move forward from there.

Core Value V. My work demonstrates that I respect my ethical responsibility to represent complex ideas fairly and to the sources of my information with appropriate citation. 

Since my entire paper is a research paper, I did not make any of the studies by no means. I utilized journals, books, and websites a like to argue my point of view. With that being said, I needed to cite all of these sources and utilize them correctly. One example where I could have used a source and made my paper sound more appealing was the Causal Rewrite. I could have used a different statistic that would not have been honest at all, but after consulting it with professor Hodges a little, I was able to put another spin on the actual statistics. As a result it came out much better than I could have imagined. My citations for these different sources can be found in my annotated bibliography.

Definition Rewrite – thathawkman

The Truth Can Be Skewed

Scientific studies allow science to expand its knowledge, from finding connections between two seemingly different entities to testing and explaining phenomena that the world doesn’t quite understand yet. With the correct use of these scientific studies, scientists can achieve feats that would have been deemed impossible without the newly found knowledge: More cures can be found, larger realizations and trends can be identified, and even more knowledge of a field can potentially make growths as even more studies can elaborate. However, scientific studies’ massive influence is a double-edged sword. These studies can determine what is the truth. However, studies are still fallible and studies that push false claims can skew the truth and push an agenda. This trend is completely detrimental to the science community and the people.

As one might expect, scientific studies have a very rigid system that details what studies must accomplish to make a claim. For a scientific study to prove a claim (scientifically known as a hypothesis), the study must prove that the hypothesis must have an undeniable relationship with the data that is collected. To prove the hypothesis, the scientists first form what is known as a null hypothesis, which assumes the that there is no correlation between the two. For example, if the hypothesis is that a newly made drug increases dopamine levels, the null hypothesis would be that the drug did not exhibit any change in dopamine levels. The scientists then attempt to prove the actual hypothesis by rejecting the null hypothesis.

The data, which is found by the carefully thought-out tests and conditions set in place by researchers, is then analyzed to see if the data was statistically significant enough to reject the null hypothesis. This test is essentially finding whether the data was gotten due to random chance or if the claim is the reason behind the data. The researchers then use many different methods to calculate the probability of how likely the data that was given could have shown up, also known as the p-value. To say something was statistically significant, the probability must be lower than 5 percent. This magic number of 5 percent is key, as any study that produces a p-value lower than 5 percent is deemed to be valid. As the probability of the null hypothesis being true statistically improbable and rejected, the scientist can then conclude that the actual hypothesis true. Any p-value that is 5 percent or higher cannot reject the null hypothesis and cannot prove the claim that the study was trying to make, which forces the scientist to either retry the study or change the claim altogether.

This is not a perfect system by any means; natural errors can still occur when validating the claim. As the data still have a factor of chance in them, some errors can occur without any influence from the scientists. These are known as Type I and Type II errors. A Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected and say that the claim was true even though it was false. For example, a Type I error would be stating that someone had a disease even though the person does not have the disease. A Type II error is the exact opposite, where you reject the null hypothesis and make the actual claim false even though it was true. For example, in the same scenario, a Type II error would state that someone did not have a disease even though it the person did have it.  Both errors are bad, but these errors are accounted for by scientists. However, the issue comes when scientists intentionally publish what is supposed to be a Type I error.

Intentional errors have become a major issue as the scientific studies, which people take at face value, become either misleading or entirely untrue and flood the scientific journals. Studies that affect the percentage of published claims undergo effects such as publication bias and the file-drawer effect. The author Megan L. Head, in the article “The Extent and Consequences of P-Hacking in Science,” defines publication bias as, “the phenomenon in which studies with positive results are more likely to be published than studies with negative results.” The file-drawer effect is the tendency for scientists to refrain from publishing negative studies as due to the lack of money. These effects are very detrimental as there is a noticeable underrepresentation of negative published studies. In “The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results,” Robert Rosenthal describes this effect by saying, “the extreme view of the ‘file drawer problem’ is that journals are filled with the 5% of the studies that show Type I errors, while the file drawers are filled with the 95% of the studies that show nonsignificant results.” This is a direct result of scientists attempting to push studies that innately get more attention, as positive-resulting, intriguing studies will be more popular than negative-resulting studies.

However, the bias can be even more direct with something known as p-hacking. The essential part of a study is primarily based on the comparison of the p-value to find something that is statistically probable. So through p-hacking, scientists can attempt to alter the way they compute the p-value with any given data. In the web article “Is Science Broken?” author Christie Aschwanden simulated how easy it is to find something statistically significant for many different claims with the same data. In his simulation, we are to choose a category on which political party, Republican or Democratic, we want the hypothesis to support. Aschwanden then demonstrated that by choosing to keep and omit some parts of the data (such as the type of politicians that we want to consider as politicians and including recessions), the combination of different parts of the data can prove a hypothesis for both sides. Even with the same data pool, the fact that the use of p-hacking can prove completely opposite ideologies shows the massive influence that p-hacking can have.

Works Cited:

Head, M. L. “The Extent and Consequences of P-Hacking in Science.” The Extent and Consequences of P-Hacking in Science. PLoS Biol, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2016.

Aschwanden, Christie. “Science Isn’t Broken.” FiveThirtyEight. N.p., 19 Aug. 2016. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

Rosenthal, Robert. “The File Drawer Problem And Tolerance For Null Results.” Psychological Bulletin 86.3 (1979): 638-641. PsycARTICLES. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

 

Definition Rewrite- Tiggs18

Sports Injuries

Proper practice and training leads to a healthier athlete with less chance of injury.  It is much more common for an athlete to get injured then someone who is not an athlete.  There are different injuries that can happen to an athlete that sometimes may end their careers.  A common injury that happens frequently in the sport of baseball would be the tearing of the UCL in the elbow which usually requires surgery. The thing is these are not the only injuries that happen to people.  A non-athlete can get injured as well but with a lesser chance.  When an injury happens, a main focus is the success rate of the athlete returning back to their prior selves.  There are different types of injuries that happen in each sport.  Would you be amused if you knew that a surgery before the injury even happens makes the athlete stronger?

Comparing football and baseball injuries, we conclude that they both do happen but they are strangely different type of injuries.  In sports, we realize basic things right away.  In football, players don’t use their arms like a quarterback and when it comes to baseball, every single player on the team uses their arm every play.  Knowing this, one can come up with the idea that baseball is usually filled with arm injuries whereas football usually has more lower half of the body injuries.  Either way, both sports have their own injuries that are well known to people all around.  Sometimes it is sad to say but also true, that when watching football, we see someone running and make a cut move and all of a sudden fall, we can tell that they may have injured something in their leg.  When watching baseball, zeroing into the pitcher throwing, we may see them grab their arm, which most likely means they have hurt it.  From this, we know that each sport has their own unique injury.

Examples of injuries in both sports that are very common are a torn UCL in baseball and a torn ACL in football.  We find that they are the some of the longest recovery times post operation in all sports.  The time that happens after surgery from an injury is called post operation.  During this time an athlete rehabs and rests to let the body try to get back to full strength.  There are all different time lengths for all different types of injuries, but some people may say that there is a surgery that not only makes athletes come back to their prior self, but come back even stronger and amplify the game that they play.  Well this one surgery can happen and sometimes even be performed before the injury even happens.  For example, “Tommy John” surgery usually leaves an athlete out of commission for at least 9 months as to if someone in football gets surgery on something as much as a torn meniscus can have them out for as short of a time at 6 weeks.  After a person gets injured, their body has to start to go through the healing process to make them strong again.  Each persons body are all different and can heal fast or some can take longer then others so nothing is ever set in stone.  Different rehab programs will make an athlete come back faster then others but also could cause a long term problem.

An example of this is a meniscus injury.  We can get two different types of surgery in which one is called a meniscectomy where they take the damaged part of the meniscus out of our knee and the other is a full meniscus repair in which they connect it back together and let it heal.  These can be two very different and time-consuming surgeries.  An article from Webmd.com states that “you can return to heavy work or sports anywhere from 4-6 weeks if you have it removed.  They also state that if having it repaired, you will be back to these same activities in 3-6 months.”  We usually see athletes getting it removed to return more quickly, but there is one problem behind this.  Getting the meniscus removed causes bone to bone contact in their knee which can give you arthritis in the future.

There are many leading causes behind sport injuries such as overuse, stops and twists, falls, improper equipment, new or increased activity, fatigue, unilateral movements, and technique and posture.  Being athletes, we need to be in the best shape of our lives and push our bodies harder than they should be pushed at some points which is why we get injured.  There are ways to prevent injuries but some things we can control.   We may even be injured by taking a wrong step.

Injuries do happen to athletes.  They are all different in different sports and there are different reasons why they do happen each time.  It’s never good when they do happen and it is sad to see but it is a part of being an athlete.  There are ways to prevent these from happening but not in all cases.  Injuries are all different, it is important to know how to make our bodies in the best shape for all different sports so that these injuries do not happen.  The athlete has to make sure that they eat, sleep and train correctly just to make sure they have a healthy body and make sure they have the lowest chance of being injured.

Work Cited

Walden, Mike. “Baseball Injuries.” Baseball Injuries. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.
Ratini, Melinda. “Tommy John Surgery (UCL Reconstruction) and Recovery.” WebMD. WebMD, 11 Feb. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.
@michaelgleibermd. “Common NFL Injuries & Unrealistic Recovery Expectations – Michael A. Gleiber, MD.” Michael A. Gleiber, MD. N.p., 10 Feb. 2015. Web. 30 Oct. 2016. 
Mair, Kathy. “Top Ten Causes of Sport Injuries.” LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 07 Feb. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.
“Meniscus Surgery: Recovery Time-Topic Overview.” WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Causal Rewrite – thathawkman

Poor, Poor Scientists

With these massive rigid systems that scientists must undergo for their livelihood, scientists put massive amounts of value in publication. As innovation comes directly from the scientists, they are put under massive amounts of pressure for publishing. This pressure to publish has directly resulted in the overflowing publication rates that seem to have no end. Thus, a large portion of studies is only partial truths due to the many different biases they are forced to undergo through, intentionally or not. The reason why there is so much potential for bias is due to the fractured system that scientific studies are based off.

Due to the emphasis on quantity over quality for both payments and value, scientists are more inclined to not publish the full potential of what studies could have achieved. Thus, more and more faulty studies with intriguing, misleading theses start to accumulate. To combat this, replication tests are very valuable as they attempt to retest the study exactly to test the study’s validity. These tests are essentially a fail-safe, where another scientific group that is independent to the original does everything that the study did to see if it produces similar results. Erick Turner from the FDA-also known as the Food and Drug Administration- spoke about the replication tests held in 2008. The FDA retested 74 studies that proved the effectiveness of numerous FDA-registered antidepressants. From the replication tests, they found that 23 of them didn’t even have evidence of publication, which left 51 studies to examine. It was reported that 48 of those 51 studies that were left originally showed positive results, yet when the FDA concluded the replication studies they found that only 38 studies out of the original 74 had positive results, completely disproving studies that were now found to be selling ineffective antidepressants.

If such a test is so valuable to validate incorrect tests, then there should not be so many tests that people can view where the study essentially publishes false claims. Sadly, these faulty studies are unlikely to be corrected as there is no incentive within the scientific community to replicate the tests. Even though the FDA made replication tests, the company is not a good representation of the entirety of the community as the FDA is a government funded organization whose primary focus is to regulate issues such as the biased studies.  This occurrence is known as the replication crisis. To make sure that harmful products do not go to the patients and prevent the need for replication tests, organizations such as the FDA place very rigid requirements. However, regulatory associations such as the FDA are simply not enough to keep the influence of drug companies away from scientific studies.

As noted before, the scientists’ payment is incentivized to push the claims of whatever will help their career. If the scientists could sustain themselves using the replication test, researchers would have used these replication tests. However, replications tests carry no monetary value, as they only restate what someone else has stated, so scientists avoid the very test that helps counteract faulty claims. As scientists are only human and will have the tendency to prioritize their own living at the expense of integrity, scientists would rather push a swarming number of theses for money. This phenomenon eliminates the fail-safe that is made to get rid of the faulty studies, which means that the number of studies that are fundamentally lying is going to steadily increase with little resistance.

This phenomenon is very detrimental to the future of science. In the article, “Pressure to ‘Publish or Perish’ May Discourage Innovative Research, UCLA Study Suggests,” author Phil Hampton discusses a study lead by Jacob Foster that measures the risks and innovation studies take and the implications that studies make.  Foster found in the fields of biomedicine and chemistry that more than 60% of the studies that were analyzed showed no new connections. This essentially means that innovation is slowly grinding to a halt due to the flawed system. As scientists are fixated with their publications to make a steady income, they will push whatever will gives them the safest income. Even though going with the more innovative idea may result in a breakthrough that will net massive amounts of revenue from publication, there is an even greater chance that the study will not result in a positive study, which would not be beneficial to the scientist. This risk vs reward scenario causes scientists to then make a choice on what they value more, to be put in a textbook or to eat the next day. There, the non-innovative route becomes the favored choice as scientists do not have a safety net that can warrant the risk. Thus, innovation is slowly starting to decrease. This result is one of the worst outcomes, as only innovation causes new leaps and bounds to be made from science. If innovation starting to slow down, science slows down as well.

These issues can be solved by money, so funding from organizations seem to be one of the best solutions. Money being given to the researchers which allow them to remove the restraint of income so better tests are made. However, this harmonious relationship becomes detrimental as both parties benefit too much. A claim from a scientific study is very valuable for a business. The faith people have with how rigid scientific studies are causes people to believe essentially anything a scientific study proves. Thus, companies are willing to invest a lot of money for scientific studies that positively help whatever the company is pushing. This investment would ultimately result in more money for the future. This interest itself causes a cycle that makes this issue worse. A business wants to be able to push their values to gain more money or popularity, so the businesses are more willing to pay money to inevitably reap the benefits. As the business itself pays money for the studies, scientists are more enticed to make a study that proves the business’ value for a better living, giving more and more incentive to produce more or alter claims that prove the value.

This cycle results in countless biased articles that unjustifiably prove the claim of the business that affects the public. Companies such as pharmaceuticals and sport drink companies are repeatedly found in the obvious malpractice. For example, in the study “Association of Funding And Conclusions in Randomized Drug Trials,” Bodil ALs-Nielsen randomly selected 370 random drug trials to see if there was an effect on the result of the test being funded by a non-profit organization or a for-profit organization.  With only 16% of the studies recommending the drugs when it was funded by a non-profit organization and 51% of the studies when funded by a for-profit organization, it is painfully obvious to see the effect that funding sources have.

Turner, Erick H. “Selective Publication of Antidepressant Trials and Its Influence on Apparent Efficacy — NEJM.” New England Journal of Medicine. N.p., 17 Jan. 2008. Web. 28 Nov. 2016.

Hampton, Phil. “Pressure to ‘publish or Perish’ May Discourage Innovative Research, UCLA Study Suggests.” UCLA Newsroom. N.p., 08 Oct. 2015. Web. 018 Nov. 2016

Nielsen, MD Bodil. “Association of Funding and Conclusions in Randomized Drug Trials.”Association of Funding and Conclusions in Randomized Drug Trials. The JAMA Network, 20 Aug. 2003. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.