Category: A14: Annotated Bibliography

1. “Jim Jefferies Has Got Gun Control All Wrong. • /r/progun.” Reddit. Therevenantrising, 20 June 2015. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.

Background: This is an anonymous reddit user’s post regarding his opinions on Jim Jefferies’ view on gun control. Although social media may not be one of the most reliable sources on the internet, events and statistics listed here are facts

How I Used It: This source worked out great for me because I was already familiar with Jefferies’ performance, this post dissected almost each sentence from his presentation. This made my dissection of his show much easier since it was all organized so neatly on this page.

2. “List of Massacres in Australia.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.

Background: This source is simply a list of Massacres that have occurred in Australia all throughout it’s history.

How I used it: I used this source to find out exactly how many massacres have occurred since Australia’s gun ban. I was able to find the date of the original massacre that caused the gun ban, and the long line of massacres listed thereafter. This helped to prove my point that gun control is counterintuitive to common beliefs.

3. “Locke ‘N Load: John Locke d YOUR Second Amendment Rights.” Intro to Political Theory Blog. Sabalaba, 24 Nov. 2009. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.

Background: This web page was originally designed to convey philosopher John Locke’s view of gun control, the philosophical viewpoint of a firearm, and also to explain the need for firearms to defend against our government.

How I used it: I was able to use this source to have guns perceived in a light they are not usually viewed in. The comparison of a firearm to your natural right to defend yourself and your loved ones is not a straw man, it is an accurate representation. Further, the explanation of firearms as a natural right, given to us by nature, was able to help me further show my point

4. Ghost Guns. Perf. Anonymous Performers. Underworld Inc. National Geographic Network, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2016. 

Background: “Ghost Guns” is an episode of National Geographic’s, “Underworld Inc.” In this episode, the producers focused on the illegal gun trade, it’s traffic along our borders, and how it affects our society.

How I used it: This episode was very helpful to my paper. The show gave me so much information on how these guns are moved across our country. I learned more about the techniques that these cartels utilize in order to bring these illegal firearms across the border and I put that information in my paper.

5. “Assault Weapon Truth: The Facts about Assault Weapons.” Assaultweapontruth. Assault Weapon Truth, n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2016. <http://www.assaultweapontruth.com>.

Background: This website has all the information you could ever need on assault rifles, how they are organized, what constitutes an assault rifle, and even information on gun bans.

How I used it: I used this website to help me explain the legal definition of an assault weapon. I also learned how assault weapons are organized, the difference between an assault rifle and other guns, and I inserted this information into my paper.

6. Lott, John R., Jr. More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun Control Laws. Chicago, and London: U of Chicago, 2010. Print.

Background: More Guns, Less Crime is an educational textbook originally designed for law and justice majors at the University of Chicago. I felt this would be an interesting source to use since it was written in Chicago, one of the cities with the strictest gun laws in America, but yet, also have some of the most crime in the nation.

How I Used It: The only chapter of this book that really pertained to my research topic and what I was attempting to deliver was chapter 5, “The Victims and the Benefits from Protection”. From this chapter, I was given large amounts of information, linking the causal chain that will extend from gun control. This information was of dire importance in my “Security” and “Problems arising from gun control” sections of my research paper.

7. Lott, John R., Jr. The Bias Against Guns: Why Almost Everything You’ve Heard About Gun Control Is Wrong. Washington DC: Regnery, 2003. Print.

Background: I came across this source on accident, turns out it is the same author for my last source “More Guns, Less Crime”. This is another law and justice textbook, however, this one goes over the Federal Rules of Evidence in more detail, and went over how gun control disarms law-abiding citizens while arming criminals.

How I Used It: This source gave me greater insight to how gun control is able to disarm American citizens, and arm criminals; creating sitting ducks, and why this is detrimental to our society. This source helped me in my “safety” section and smaller idiosyncrasies throughout my research paper.

8. Jacobs, James B. “The Value of Firearms.” Can Gun Control Work? Oxford: Oxford U, 2002. 14-16. Print.

Background: I saw this article as a critical engagement piece that serves to analyze society and attempt to reform based off of discourse. This book does not give a clear side whether the author is for or against gun control. The author only supplies facts, which is what I intended to deliver.

How I Used It: The section I payed most attention to in this book was the section titled “The Value of Firearms” in which the author detailed the importance of a firearm for defense, as well as the perceived assumption of security that comes with the firearm.

1. http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/09/29/495665329/for-affirmative-action-brazil-sets-up-controversial-boards-to-determine-race

Background: 27 year old Lucas Siquiera took the Foreign Service exam to join Brazil’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but was accused of lying about his race. He claimed to be mixed race, but had a Caucasian appearance.

How I used it: To give an example of how the public and the individual can differ in opinion  on which race a person can be. Despite the individual’s claims, if the public doesn’t agree, then they can’t claim to be the race they say they are.

2. http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/15/414655045/rachel-dolezal-resigns-as-president-of-spokane-naacp

Background: Former president of NAACP Rachel Dolezal discovered to be biologically Caucasian when many believed she was African American.

How I used it: Further information about her situation (I had another article about her, but wanted a little more information). She claimed to be black when she was white, which lead to her becoming the President, but just because she was actually white, she was forced to resign from presidency. Pros and Cons to claiming the race.

3. http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/03/23/394789419/family-secret-and-cultural-identity-revealed-in-little-white-lie

Background: Lacey Schwartz grew up in an entirely white community and never knew she had African American blood in her. She did not choose a race for her college application, but was accepted as African American based on her photo. She now identifies as black when she once identified as white.

 

How I used it: Example to show how the public can categorize people as a certain race just based on physical attributes. Similar to Lucas Siquiera’s article where he was thought to be white by the public based on his appearance.

4. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/14/us/14admissions.html?_r=0

Background: For college applications, students must claim a race and Natasha Scott, who was African American/Asian, mentions how claiming to be African American would increase her chances of being accepted by colleges. Colleges want a diverse and multiracial population in their school, but most are multiracial nowadays.

 

How I used it: The benefits that come with some races and the difficulties people face when choosing a race to define who they are on applications/censes.

5. http://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2012/05/16/152822762/minority-rules-who-gets-to-claim-status-as-a-person-of-color

Background: Elizabeth Warren claims to have Native American ancestors despite no proof of being 1/32 Cherokee. The “one-drop” rule is applied here. If there is even a “drop” of another race in a man’s blood, then he can claim to be that race.

How I used it: Provided information and history of how America has defined race. In the past, if a person had a drop of black blood in them they were black, no matter what. Physical characteristics do not have to match the biological makeup, but people have a harder time accepting these types of race claims.

6. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/gradeschool/Pages/Gender-Identity-and-Gender-Confusion-In-Children.aspx

Background: Gender is usually recognized by children around 2 years of age. Parents can help to develop gender identity in their children by exposing their child to “different gender roles and different styles of play.” Children express their gender identity through social interactions (which gender they play with more), toys, games, clothes, hairstyles, nicknames, and social behaviors. Expectations of gender roles have changed now as girls can excel in activities only boys were thought to excel in and vice versa.

How I used it: To counter the idea that race is different from gender. Both develop through social interactions and environments that influences the way a person identifies themselves as. (Rebuttal argument)

7.http://cpr.indiana.edu/uploads/Categorizing%20Identities%20Handout%20FINAL%202.pdf

Background: A flow chart depicting the change of the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) categories for Race/Ethnicity, Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Disability from 2012-2014.

How I used it: Times have changed and people no longer identify as just one race, but multiple. Gender is similar as there is the choice of neither male nor female and a choice for if a person does not prefer to respond.

8. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/05/05/millions-of-americans-changed-their-racial-or-ethnic-identity-from-one-census-to-the-next/ 

Background: Based on the year 2000 and the year 2010 census, millions of Americans have changed their race.

How I used it: Used as evidence for how we unconsciously change our race over time. Race isn’t definite –  it is a choice.

9. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/ulterior-motives/200910/categories-essentialism-race-and-culture 

Background: The article describes how children from 5-18 years old though differently as they grew older. At a young age, children closer to 5 years old showed no preference for categorizing people and animals into races, but as they aged they began to show preferences depending on the community they grew up in.

How I used it: Further information on how environment aids in the development of race categories. The article also contained information mentioning how the belief in categorizing races leads to the preconceived ideas of a person based on the race they are categorized in (Example could be “White privilege”).

10 – http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/05/fusion-millennial-poll-gender_n_6624200.html (50 Percent Of Millennials Believe Gender Is A Spectrum, Fusion’s Massive Millennial Poll Finds) 

Background: In a 2015 Millennial poll, 50% of millennials believed gender to be a spectrum and not binary. From this 57% were women and 44% were men who believed in the gender spectrum. 55% of whites, 47% of Latinos, and 32% of African Americans also said gender is on a spectrum. In 2014 only about 26% of the Americans in the poll were comfortable with self-determination of gender.

How I used it: Americans, especially the Millennials, in 2015 are now very accepting of multiple genders and society is making exceptions for people that don’t fall in the binary (male/female) categories. There is a significant acceptance change from 2014 to 2015.

 

 

 

 

 

 

“Alzheimer’s Disease & Dementia | Alzheimer’s Association.” Alzheimer’s Disease & Dementia | Alzheimer’s Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.

Background: This article differentiates between Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. Diagnosing either or can be very problematic.

How I used it: I used this article as a key point to support my thesis. There is not enough research conducted towards a cure for Alzheimer’s. Not only this, but doctors are also undereducated in this field. It is extremely difficult to differentiate between Alzheimer’s Disease and dementia which demonstrates the lack of research.

 

“Alzheimer’s Disease: MedlinePlus.” MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2016.

Background: This article provides information regarding every aspect of Alzheimer’s Disease. This ranges from the effects, how it is formed, and also theories as to why it forms.

How I used it: I incorporated this all throughout the paper, but more so on how the disease is formed. The process is very complex, so this article breaks everything down to help fully understand the complicated process.

 

Thompson, Dennis. “Alzheimer’s Disease Center: Dementia Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments.” WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

Background: Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease are not very effective. Because it is a terminal disease, treatment can only slow the progression. This article also provides pre-diagnosed symptoms as well.

How I used it: Due to the lack of a cure, the only hope for patients with Alzheimer’s would be treatment. Treatments for the disease can vary, some more effective than others. This is a huge component which supports my thesis.

 

“Plaques in Alzheimer’s Disease.” Nature. International Weekly Journal of Science, 31 Aug. 2016. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

Background: The process of the formation of Alzheimer’s Disease is complex itself. The build up of protein plaques in the brain on the neurotransmitters is the main cause of the disease. This provides the make-up of these plaques as well as why they may form.

How I used it: With the process of how Alzheimer’s forms, this article confirms what exactly the plaques that cause the disease are made up of. This contributed to the part of the paper explaining how the disease forms.

 

Park, Alice. “Alzheimer’s from a New Angle.” Time. Time, 11 Feb. 2016. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.

Background: The global crisis for Alzheimer’s is continually becoming more severe. This goes into depth of how our country is affected, as well as the world as a whole. With the average life expectancy rising, Alzheimer’s is becoming more prevalent and more common. Also goes into depth with patient suicides.

How I used it: Aside from the effects Alzheimer’s has on the individuals and families, hospitals and nursing homes are required to expand upon the needs for patients with Alzheimer’s. I also used this article to go into depth about patient suicides.

 

“What Are the 7 Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease?” Alzheimers.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

Background: The progression of Alzheimer’s is complex and long. There are seven stages of Alzheimer’s, each progressively becoming more severe. This is how doctors diagnose patients with this disease to determine the severity of the disease. This is related to the diagnosing of cancer and the stages that it possesses.

How I used it: The first stage of this disease is harmless, which may lead to why this disease isn’t labeled as serious, dangerous disease that it needs to be. I personally explained each step based on my research in attempt to portray the severity of this disease and why we need the research to discover a cure.

 

“Medications for Memory Loss.” Latest Medication for Memory Loss | Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s Association, 2016. Web. 17 Nov. 2016.

Background: Medications are the only hope for patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Since there is currently not a cure, medication may be taken to lighten the symptoms and even possibly slow the progression of the disease down, though not curing the disease.

How I used it: This article was significant in providing information for treatment. The treatment options are not very effective.

 

“Breakthrough Drug for Patients.” The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2016.

Background: This is the medication that is most effective for treating Alzheimer’s. It goes in depth on the process and how this drug works. It helps to eliminate the visible effects of Alzheimer’s, although it does not stop the progression. In other words, this drug only “masks” Alzheimer’s Disease.

How I used it: Scientists are conducting research for a cure, but in 110 years, the only breakthrough discovered is a treatment option. I used this in my paper to demonstrate that research has only began to break the surface of Alzheimer’s Disease.

 

“Definition of Alzheimer’s Disease.” Alzheimer’s Foundation of America – Definition of Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzhiemer’s Foundation of America, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2016.

Background: To have an understanding of what Alzheimer’s exactly is is important. This provides a general background of the disease as well as the doctor who had discovered it 110 years ago.

How I used it: I used this article from time to time to help provide a better understanding on the disease. From previously not fully knowing what Alzheimer’s Disease was, this article helped me gain a better understanding.

 

MacGill, Markus. “Alzheimer’s Disease.” Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 29 Apr. 2016. Web. 23 Nov. 2016.

Background: Every aspect of Alzheimer’s Disease is covered. More specifically, the risk factors that may trigger Alzheimer’s are listed as well although these risk factors have not been scientifically proven to cause Alzheimer’s.

How I used it: Although this article covers every aspect of Alzheimer’s, I used this for main purpose of risk factors as well as what can be done to help prevent this disease.

1. Bult, Laura. “Cop in Sandra Bland Case Accuses Prosecutors of Coverup.” NY Daily News. N.p., 29 July 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.

Background:The officers in this case did not face any criminal charges, but they believe it wasn’t enough evidence against them.

How I use it : Because of the evidence including the picture that surface the media for weeks , which result in a mystery death the officers didn’t face any criminal charges.

2.Calacal, Celisa. “This Is How Many People Police Have Killed so Far in 2016.” ThinkProgress. N.p., 04

Background: How many people have been killed this year even though the year not over yet. This article reports that 855 people have died in the hands of police officers.

How I use it: This proves that Native American and African Americans are being killed at the highest rate in the United States.

3. “Centuries of Rage: The Murder of Oscar Grant III.” San Francisco Bay View. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2016Nov. 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.

Background: There was a fight on the train with Oscar Grant and some of his friends. Several cops arrived to the scene and took Grant and his friends off the train to arrest them. The officer that had Grant was unable to get one of his arms that was underneath him and shot him while his knee was still in his back.

How I use it : I used this article in this paper by show with multiple people recording the the whole entire murder the officer still didn’t face any criminal charges.

4.Clevel, Phil Trexler WKYC-TV. “Officer in Tamir Rice Shooting: ‘He Gave Me No Choice'” USA Today. Gannett Satellite Information Network, 14 June 2015. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: Tamir Rice had received a toy gun from one of his friends and a near by Starbucks had reported it.  Once the officers got on the scene, one of them automatically started shooting.

How I use it: I used this in my paper to show that the officer just started shooting for no reason and Tamir didn’t threaten either of the officers.

5.Ellis, Ralph. “Officer Charged with Manslaughter in Philando Castile Killing.” CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.

Background: Officer pulled Castile and his girlfriend over because he said they look like they have fit the description of a robbery that had just came in. While Castile reached for his ID the officer had shot him multiple times.

How I use it :  I use this article to show that even after Castile let the officer no that he had a licensed weapon in his pocket , he was about to reach for his ID. The officer took shoots at him several time leaving him slumped over dying in front of his girlfriend and step daughter. The officer in this case was faced  only 5 years.

6.Lowery, Wesley. “Aren’t More White People than Black People Killed by Police? Yes, but No.” The Washington Post. WP Company, 11 July 2016. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.

Background:  Yes, many believe that Blacks will be more likely to be killed by a officer because they are more likely be suspects in robberies and murders.

How I use it : I use this article in this paper by stating  that Blacks have the higher rate of being killed by the police, but white people being killed by a officer is 2 times unlikely to be killed.

7.McKay, Tom. “One Map Shows How Many People Police Have Killed in Each State So Far This Year.” Mic. N.p., 25 Oct. 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.

Background: The map of the United States where the most police shooting has occurred in 2016. Out of  the 50 states, in 47 of them, at least one or more people have been killed by police shootings.

How I use it  :   I use this article in the paper by showing where the most cases have happen and the statics of African American males being killed by a officer in that state.

8.News, BBC. “Freddie Gray’s Death in Police Custody – What We Know.” BBC News. N.p., 23 May 2016. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.

Background: Freddie Gray was arrested because they believed he had switchblade and died while he was in police custody.

How I use it :  I use this article in the paper to prove that even with two witness verifying what they saw when the police was abusing Grey, the charges against each officer was drop and they didn’t get any jail time.

9.”Police Violence Reports.” Mapping Police Violence. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.

Background:  The statics on the year of 2015 and how many unarmed African American men was killed.  This article shows  each African American including women who was killed by the cops.

How I use it : I used this article to show the unarmed African American males were being targeted but wasn’t the only ones being target.

10.”Sandra Bland’s Death: What We Know.” CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.

Background:  This article is about a innocent lady was stopped by white officer because of her “signal light” and was later killed at the prison.

How I use it :I used this article  to show that they killed a African American women while she was in their custody . With the evidence including a video showing how they mistreated her , the jury dismissed the case with the officers involved. Not only African American men are targets it women also.

11.Williams, Janice. “Police Shooting Statistics 2016: Are More Black People Killed By

Officers Than Other Races?” International Business Times. N.p., 26 Sept. 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.

Background: Not only was 991 people was killed in 2015, but out of that total 258 were black. This year, out of the 719 people who was killed, 178 were black .

How I use it:  I used this article to show  that since last year African American killing  by the police has  increased and their is only a few months left within the year of 2016. I use this article to also show how African American men are more likely to be killed then African American women.

12.@mvmt4bl. “The Movement for Black Lives.” The Movement for Black Lives. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: Black lives matter movement was created after the killing of the late Treyvon Martian. The reason why this was created ,so all of the African Americans including males and females stand together to fight for their rights.

How I use it:  I use it in this paper to show that African Americans just want justice for their people in a non violent way .

 

 

1. Walden, Mike. “Baseball Injuries.” Baseball Injuries. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.

Background: It goes over some list of injuries that occur in baseball and how serious they are.

How it was used: I used this in my argument to show the different types of injuries that can happen to different types of athletes.  I narrowed my thinking down to baseball and used this page to show the injuries inside the sport and the recovery times along with them.

2. Ratini, Melinda. “Tommy John Surgery (UCL Reconstruction) and Recovery.” WebMD. WebMD, 11 Feb. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2016. http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/tommy-john-surgery-ucl-reconstruction#1

Background: Goes over the basics of Tommy John surgery which is a common injury among baseball pitchers.

How it was used: I used this article to show one of the main most devastating injuries in all of baseball.  I went over recovery times and success rates on this surgery and most importantly, what the surgery is and how it helps the athlete.

3. @michaelgleibermd. “Common NFL Injuries & Unrealistic Recovery Expectations – Michael A. Gleiber, MD.” Michael A. Gleiber, MD. N.p., 10 Feb. 2015. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.  https://michaelgleibermd.com/news/common-nfl-injuries-unrealistic-recovery-expectations/

Background: This article goes over some of the common injuries that happen inside the National Football League.

How it was used: I used this article to relate football and baseball together.  I did this to show some of the big injuries inside each sport and compare them and their recovery rates with one another in order to let the reader get a better understanding of each sports own unique injury.

4. Mair, Kathy. “Top Ten Causes of Sport Injuries.” LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 07 Feb. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2016. http://www.livestrong.com/article/526375-top-ten-causes-of-sport-injuries/

Background: This article goes over the top most common ways that athletes get injured inside their sport.

How it was used:  I used this to show common way that most athletes get injured.  I used this strategy to show that there are ways to combat these reasons and make the athletes have a less injury rate.

5. By the Time a Pitcher Arrives in Professional Baseball, the Wear and Tear on His Elbow Might Be Significantly Greater than It Once Was, Making Him More at Risk for Tommy John Surgery Early in His Career — and Consequently, More at Risk of Needing a Revis. “What We’ve Missed about Tommy John Surgery.” ESPN.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016. http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/12648769/what-missed-tommy-john-surgery

Background: Goes over the wear in a pitchers arm before he reaches the big leagues and how that can lead to an earlier injury.

How it was used: I used it to show what people inside the ESPN had to say about the surgery and how they expect most pitchers to need to get it.  They also say that some pitchers should have the surgery before the injury even happens.

6. “John Smoltz Warns Young Players about Tommy John Surgery in Hall of Fame Acceptance Speech.” USA Today. Gannett, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016. http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/07/john-smoltz-warns-young-players-about-tommy-john-surgery-in-hall-of-fame-acceptance-speech

Background: Goes over how a man that was a professional pitcher needed tommy john and wants to warn the young kids of baseball about it.

How it was used:  I used it to show how many people believe young kids re starting there throwing to early and the surgery is a big scare amongst that.  He tries to portray that the surgery is not a good thing.

7. Miller, Sam. “Why Pitchers Will Always Have Tommy John Surgery.” ESPN.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.  http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/12842678/why-tommy-john-surgeries-cease-soon

Background:  Goes over the reasoning behind Tommy John Surgery and why the pitchers around the league are always going to be in need of it.

How it was used: I used it to show that this is always going to be needed because its just part of the game that saddens all.

8. “What Can Go Wrong.” In Surgery with Dr. Chris Chiodo. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.  http://www.drchiodo.com/Pages/surgery/04_cangowrong.php

Background: Goes over all of the bad things that happen from a person getting surgery.

How it was used:  I used this to show all the bad things that can come from a surgery.  I did this because some people say it’s smart to get the surgery before the injury which should not be the case because then a person is in danger of these problems.

9. Smiley, Brett. “12 Things You Probably Didn’t Know about Tommy John Surgery.” FOX Sports. N.p., 25 June 2014. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.  http://www.foxsports.com/buzzer/story/tommy-john-surgery-facts-baseball-062514

Background:  This article goes over the importances of Tommy John surgery and things that normal people would not know about the surgery without doing a little research.

How it was used:  I used this article to show the importance of this surgery and show people with the naked eye what this really does for pitchers and players around the league.

10. Https://www.facebook.com/mikereinold.pt. “5 Myths of Tommy John Surgery – Mike Reinold.” Mike Reinold. N.p., 26 Jan. 2014. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.  http://www.mikereinold.com/5-myths-tommy-john-surgery/

Background: Goes over the myths that people say about Tommy John surgery in which he believes people should know.

How it was used:  I used this article to show that somethings that people say about Tommy John is not true and you need to find out the truth before proceeding with anything you do in an injury.

1. Limited, King Brand Healthcare Products®. “Professional MCL Injury Treatment.” MCL Injury Treatment. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2016.

Background: This article explains the necessary therapeutic requirements that coincide with MCL and ACL strains and tears. It also tells us what happens when you tear one of these major ligaments.

How I used it: I used this article to help better elaborate the importance of the rehabilitation process that goes along with an ACL and MCL injury.

2. “Tommy John Surgery (UCL Reconstruction) and Recovery.” WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.

Background: Thoroughly explaining the common Tommy John injury in baseball, pitchers can see what is actually happening to their elbow ligaments.

How I used it: I used this to educate the reader about the most common injury in baseball. Many players are familiar with the Tommy John injury but are not exactly sure what all it entails. I want to familiarize interested players so they know how to fix the injury

3. “What Is a Mild Concussion?” Reference. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.

Background: Concussions are the most dangerous injury associated with contact sports. A concussion is a contusion on the brain which impairs your thinking and motor skills. They are caused when the brain rattles around and strikes the inside of the skull. The harder it hits, the worse the concussion will be.

How I used it: Players need to know how serious concussions are and how they can be treated. As well as knowing how to treat them, they also need to be aware of how to prevent them with safer equipment and more knowledge about the rules of the games.

4. Shoulder, 1_Sudden Onset2_Sprains2_Top of. “AC Joint Separation | AC Joint Sprain – Symptoms, Treatment and Rehabilitation.” AC Joint Sprain – Symptoms, Treatment and Rehabilitation. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.

Background: The most common injury in contact sports is none other than the AC joint separation in the shoulder. This injury is not as serious as others because all it takes is rest to heal it but it is extremely painful. If not treated properly, surgery will be required to fix the damaged ligaments.

How I used it: Due to my personal experience with this injury I felt that it was necessary to elaborate on the healing time required for this injury. If I was more knowledgeable about this injury at the time, I wouldn’t have had to stop playing. Knowing about your injury Is half of the battle so thats why I harped on this section so much.

5. “2016 Rules Changes and Points of Emphasis.” 2016 Rules Changes and Points of Emphasis | NFL Football Operations. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.

Background: The NFL is scared that if they make the game safer, they will lose some of their audience. They have come up with a way to keep the players safer while keeping the attention of the audience by enforcing the penalties to cheap shots and dangerous hits.

How I used it: Explaining the new rules and penalties is the best way to inform people of the “new” NFL. The NFL website had some great articles explaining in detail about what we can expect from the game we all love this year.

6. Casebook.” USA Hockey Officiating Rulebook Mobile Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.

Background: USA Hockey is making some serious changes to the game due to the fact of so many injuries to players. Injuries in youth hockey are affecting athletes for the rest of their lives. If they are lucky enough to make it to a high level, there is no doubt about it that their bodies have taken a toll.

How I used it:I tied my personal experience in with research from the USA Hockey website to explain the new penalties to hits from behind as well as other cheap shots that are known to cause serious injuries to hockey players.

7. “forty Percent of Former NFL Players Suffer from Brain Injuries, New Study Shows.” The Washington Post. WP Company, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.

Background: Brain disorders from retired NFL players is a recently discovered epidemic. Back in the day, there were no regulations on hits. The harder the hit, the more the fans loved it so nobody cared about the wellbeing of the payers… not even the players cared. Now that retired players are dying at a young age, and the ones that are still living are not healthy. It was time for a change no matter what the fans thought.

How I used it: There are many stories about players who are sick from the game of football. Their families are affected because they act out harshly. It isn’t their fault. Anybody who receives that many blows to the head are going to have side affects. Many people are oblivious to this but if you dig a little deeper the truth about the game will come spilling out.

8. “Evidence of CTE Found in Lew Carpenter’s Brain.” ESPN.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.

Background: Lew Carpenter is an older player who had his brain donated to science after he passed away. His brain shows many serious side affects of what the game of football has really done to him.

How I used it: Lew among many others were diagnosed with CTE. Unfortunately for Lew, modern medicine was not around during his hay day. By the time they found out about his illness it was too late.

9. HodgesCorrespondent, Jim. “Admirals’ Calabrese Glad to Be Alive after Vicious Hit Broke His Neck, Spine.” Virginian-Pilot. N.p., 06 Dec. 2016. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.

Background: Anthony Calabrese is a very talented hockey player playing in the ECHL professional league. On thanksgiving he was pushed from behind into the boards and broke his neck and back. The video is quite horrific. This just goes to show how dangerous the sport really is.

How I used it: Usually if an incident like this occurs, you will only hear about it if it happened to a NHL player but this story needs to be heard. This tragedy goes to show how the new penalties are currently in affect. The guilty player who caused the injury is receiving extremely serious penalties and fines.

10. National Institutes of Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.

Background: You will find detailed explanations about different types of common sports injuries and the difference between them. You will see what ones are most common and which ones are most dangerous long term.

How I used it: To explain the differences between different types of injuries and what Injuries you can expect from different sports.

1. Ingraham, Christopher. You Really Can Get Pulled Over for Driving While Black, Federal Statistics Show” The Washington Post, 09 Sept. 2014. Web. 1 Dec. 2016

Background: Much like some of my other sources, this article contained facts and analysis on the racial disparity of traffic stops. It provided plenty of graphs and charts to give an easily comprehendible visual of this issue.

How I Used It: I used this article to get a better understanding of both sides of the argument via statistics, but just came to realize the disparity holds true in favor of whites like the majority of my other sources. Much of the content is similar among varying sources, but that just helps to verify that the shocking statistics that I continue to see are actually accurate.

2. Soften, Kim. “The Big Question About Why Police Pull Over So Many Black Drivers” The Washington Post, 08 July 2016. Web. 1 Dec. 2016

Background: This article asked the question of why more black drivers get pulled over than any other race, and dug deep to find out the reason. It provided statistics and feedback on them to provide the reader with a better understanding of each aspect.

How I Used It: I used this material to support the majority of my side of the argument. The statistics are constant with the other sources I have used so the accuracy of these statistics is supported as well. Therefore, I was able to use these facts with confidence in my writing.

3. Harris, David. “Driving While Black: Racial Profiling On Our Nation’s Highways” American Civil Liberties Union, June 1999. Web. 1 Dec. 2016

Background: This article broke down individual aspects that contribute to discrimination on the roads. From roughly 20 years back, this literature was informative on the background of racial profiling while driving prior to society deeming it a legitimate issue that needed to be addressed.

How I Used It: I used this historical background in coordination with what I know about the topic now. Regardless of the time difference, many of the specifics on these issues remain the same, which informs me that it has been a big problem and disparity for years now, just not acknowledged as much until recently.

4. American Civil Liberties Union. “”Driving While Black” in Maryland” American Civil Liberties Union, 2 Feb. 2010. Web. 1 Dec. 2016

Background: This article specifically breaks down profiling on the road in the state of Maryland. Certain parts of the article are not necessarily from recent studies, but are still relevant in relation to the things that happen in today’s America.

How I Used It: Again, I used this background knowledge to better inform me of the history of this epidemic. There are recent instances provided, but overall this showed me how long this has actually been an issue in society and why organizations fought the Maryland Police about racial profiling at the time.

5. Office of Justice Programs. “Traffic Stops” Bureau of Justice Statistics, Dec. 2016. Web. 1 Dec. 2016

Background: This article got into the specifics of what actually happens after the traffic stops. From search and seizures to reasons given (or not given), these statistics also explain why drivers are pulled over.

How I Used It: A portion of this article stated something about speeding being the top reason given for stops. This could refute the side of the issue I am arguing. I used it to show that the other side has a point in that, speeding is speeding whether you are black or white, so not every single stop is provoked by the race of the driver. Sometimes, the driver can actually just be doing something wrong.

6. Langton, Lynn. Durose, Matthew. “Police Behavior During Traffic And Street Stops, 2011” Bureau of Justice Statistics, 24 Sep. 2013. Web. 1 Dec. 2016

Background: This article simply provides statistics in relation to police behavior during stops and whether or not they provided an actual reason for pulling people over in these instances. Although there is a noticeable difference among traffic stops, it was stated that racially, there is no notable difference in street stops.

How I Used It: I used this information to support the fact that there is a true noteworthy difference in traffic stops among different races. From searches to tickets, whites are targeted less according to these consistent statistics.

7. Makarechi, Kia. “What The Data Really Says About Police and Racial Bias” Hive, 14 July 2016. Web. 1 Dec. 2016

Background: This article goes into the killing of unarmed americans, why police pull people over, and also the use of nonlethal force among other subtopics.

How I Used It: Part of this article went into how police determine who to stop on the road. I used that newfound knowledge in accordance with what I already knew about these traffic stops. Also, off-duty police officers have been killed by on duty police officers in the past, with an astounding ratio of the victims being black or latino, so that was valuable knowledge discovered.

8. Dove, Travis. “The Disproportionate Risks of Driving While Black” The New York Times, 24 Oct. 2015. Web. 1 Dec. 2016

Background: This article is an examination of traffic stops and arrests in Greensboro, North Carolina. Wide racial differences in various measures of police conduct are uncovered through analysis of particular instances and also the use of statistical charts and tables.

How I Used It: I used this background information and quotes from police officers to better understand where the officers are coming from as well. It is also interesting and very beneficial to individually analyze statistics in certain parts of the country rather than the country as a whole.

9. Lee, Jaeah. “We Crunched the Numbers on Race and Traffic Stops in the County Where Sandra Bland Died” Mother Jones, 24 July 2015. Web. 1 Dec. 2016

Background: This article provides statistics and analysis on police stops in the exact area where Sandra Bland was arrested. Bland was a black woman who died in custody after being pulled over in a traffic stop that violently escalated rapidly.

How I Used It: I used certain knowledge gained from this to support the opposition’s rebuttal of my argument. Many numbers point towards more blacks being pulled over in most areas, but when researching, areas that have a higher amount of whites being pulled over cannot simply be looked past.

10. Jantzi, Amanda. Brown, Charlie. “Driving While Black” Cornell University Law School, 2010. Web. 1 Dec. 2016

Background: Cornell students compiled information on driving as a minority in this country and related case studies. They cover profiling, classic cases of “driving while black” and new developments with this issue.

How I Used It: I used background information from specific case studies to support the fact that this is a common occurrence that defendants often take to court. They do so because black or white, more often than not drivers know when they are doing something illegal, and when they know they are not, suspicion of racism by police officers comes into play.

A7FL. “Safety – A7FL.” A7FL. A7FL, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016

Background: This source talks about the disadvantages that a players has when they have their helmet on during games. A7FL is a football organization that player football without helmets. It compares it’s player concussion rate to that of the NFL’s concussion rate.

How it was Used: I used it in my Casual Argument in the third paragraph because it showed how many hits player receive in one game and that can cause a player to receive a concussion.

Brain Concussion – Shake It and You Break It | Steven Laureys | TEDxLiège. Dir. Dr. Steven     Laureys. Perf. Steven Laureys. YouTube. YouTube, 2 May 2016. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

Background: Talks about how athletes that get blows to the head repeatedly can hurt later on in their lives.

How it was Used: I used this in my Causal Argument because Steven’s main point was that multiple blows to the head can cause someone to feel the effects after awhile whether it be right that second or later down in their lives.

“Concussion: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention.” WebMD. ebMD, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.

Background: It talks about what happens in the skull when a concussion occurs and also the symptoms that come with having a concussion

How it was Used: I used it in my Definition argument when I explained what happen to the brain when someone has a concussion.

Dawson, Peter. “Rugby Tries – How and Where You Score Tries in Rugby.” RugbyHow. RugbyHow, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.

Background: It goes over the basic rules of game of rugby and how it’s played.

How it was Used: I used it in my Definition argument because it help me get a better and more accurate description of how Rugby is played

Drysdale, Thomas A. “Journal of Legal Medicine.” Helmet-to-Helmet Contact: Avoiding a Lifetime Penalty. Taylor And Francis Online, 13 Dec. 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

Background: It studies the effects of Chronic  Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) has on NFL player because a football player named Junior Seau died from this disease when he shot himself. He was in the NFL for 19 seasons as a linebacker.

How it was Used: I used this article in my Causal Argument in the second paragraph. I thought it was useful because it showed that even player that had helmets on during the game can receive concussions and multiple hits to the head can cause a person to receive a concussion.

Fawcett, Robert. “Pads and Helmets: Rugby vs. Gridiron.” Pads and Helmets: Rugby vs. Gridiron. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2016.

Background: It compares how rugby and the football are different Robert Fawcett is someone who has experience in both rugby and football and he gives his take on it.

How it was Used: I used this source in proposal +5 because it shows how football and rugby are different.

Goff, Alex. “Concussions: Rugby Can Help Football.” The Post Game. RugbyMAG, 15 Oct. 2013. Web. 4 Dec. 2015.

Background: It compares rugby to football and showing how better rugby tackling is more effective than the way football players tackle.

How it was Used: I used this source in my proposal +5 because it agreed with the idea that rugby tackling is more effective than how the NFL players tackle.

Haislop, Tadd. “Football Helmets Are Creating More Problems than They Solve.” Sporting News. Sporting News, 28 May 2015. Web. 20 Nov. 2016.

Background: It explains how football helmets are causing more harm than good.

How it was Used: I used this source in my proposal +5 because it is an article about how rugby. Also, they say that football player feel they are indestructible.

Lemco, Tyler. Lemco: Why Football Needs Less Pads. Computer software. CBS Local Sports. CBS, 3 July 2015. Web. 04 Dec. 2016.

Background: They says that rugby has less injuries than football, but they have less padding.

How it was Used: I used this source in my white paper because it helps me find the some of the flaws that for in the NFL’s way of tackling. This article also compares rugby and football tackling and says that rugby has less concussions than football and rugby wears little to no pads.

Quirk, Ryan, Jason McDonald, Meehawl Mofiodh, PJ Coward, Cameron Rudderham, Simon McCormack, and Gary Snook. “Re: Why Does Football Have a Much Bigger Concussion Problem than Rugby Even Though Rugby Players Wear Far Less Protection?” Blog comment. Quora. Quora, 13 July 2015. Web. 4 Dec. 2016.

Background: Numerous people agree that the helmets in the NFL are doing more harm than good because of the thought that they are invincible when they have their helmets and pads on but that far from the truth.

How it was Used: I used it in my proposal +5 because it was exactly the kind of source I was looking for when it came to football players thinking they’re indestructible but in actuality they aren’t.

Vrentas, Jenny. “Helmetless Football? It’s the New Practice at New Hampshire.” The MMQB. Muscles and Medicine, 4 Dec. 2014. Web. 04 Dec. 2016.

Background: It talks about how players of the University of New Hampshire once the top school for players being treated with concussions to having their no helmets during certain parts of their practice.

How it was Used: It used this source in my proposal +5 because it shows how the game is evolving. Also, having certain drills without helmets can really benefit the players into realizing that they have to protect their head more.

1. Bilton, Nick. “Tinder, the Fast-Growing Dating App, Taps an Age-Old Truth.” The New York Times. N.p., 29 Oct. 2014. Web.

Background: This article discusses the basic background behind the dating app “Tinder” and the generalizations made about  its users.

How I used it: I used this article to give an outsider’s agreement in my theory that Tinder is a hookup app, and is rarely used for romantic couplings. The author also provides a good explanation surrounding Tinder, the people who use it, as well as its role among social circles.

2.  Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas. “The Tinder Effect: Psychology of Dating in the Technosexual Era.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 17 Jan. 2014. Web.

Background: This article also takes a look at the social aspect of Tinder within a newspaper, however the author often credited our “technosexual era” to the success of the app.

How I used it: I really liked how the author used the internet and technology as a major focus in their discussion about Tinder. This editorial really helped to formulate my theory surrounding Tinder, because no one else really looked at the way Tinder fits in with social media.

3. Grom, Emily E. “Love Me Tinder or Mis-Match.com: Free versus Paid Online Dating Sites.” Digital Commons @ Winthrop University. N.p., 22 Apr. 2016. Web.

Background: Emily Grom (and others) conducted a study surrounding the desires and expectations of users of dating services. Their hypothesis focused primarily on the difference between paid and free dating services.

How I used it: I wanted to include factual data, I kept saying how users of Tinder were young adults and that they typically did not want long, monogamous relationships. This study helped to provide concrete evidence of my own hypotheses.

4. Farvid, Pantea, and Virginia Baum. “Casual Sex as ‘not a Natural Act’ and  Other Regimes of Truth about Heterosexuality.” Sage Journals. Feminism & Psychology, 18 Apr. 2013. Web.

Background: This paper focuses primarily on casual sex and its role in heterosexual relationships. It also delves into the societal emphasis put on monogamous relationships.

How I used it: I thought it would be interesting to discuss how society favors monogamy over open and casual relationships. This essay provided academic level insight on the topic. It also discusses the intricacies of casual relationships. I was able to use this essay for it’s academic integrity to discuss a topic that might very well be the topic of a Cosmopolitan Magazine article (which I do not believe to be a reliable source).

      5. Garcia, Justin R., Chris Reiber, Sean G. Massey, and Ann M. Merriwether. “Sexual Hookup Culture: A Review.” Review of General Psychology : Journal of Division 1, of the American Psychological Association. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 01 June 2012. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.

Background: This essay also discusses casual relationships, but often refers to them as “hookups”. It covers topics including hookup remorse, the prevalence of drugs and alcohol, and the perceived benefits of uncommitted sex.

How I used it: While this essay covers many topics revolving around “hookups” I really liked the dialogue surrounding its transition to normalcy. My entire Causal Essay is about how women are experiencing less pressure to be in monogamous relationships, and a professional essay discussing the increasing frequency of uncommitted sex was perfect to help prove my theory.

6. Limpus, Laurel. “Liberation of Women: Sexual Repression and the Family.” Laurel Limpus-Liberation of Women. N.p., Aug. 2002. Web.

Background: Laurel Limpus goes into detail about female sexual repression and woman’s role within the family dynamic. She makes mentions towards sexual desires and society’s expectations of women.

 How I used it: I wanted to show how society is the reason why women are afraid to branch out of typical monogamous relationships. I wanted to make sure that in my essay it was clear the reason for women’s sexual repression is a result of society, which will be remedied by society’s participation in online activity.

7. Jackson, Stevi, and Sue Scott. “The Personal Is Still Political: Heterosexuality, Feminism, and Monogamy.” Sage Journals. N.p., Feb. 2004. Web.

Background: This essay covers the idea that monogamy can be limiting and oppressive to women (at times). It really goes into detail surrounding society’s views and expectations of women in monogamous and non-monogamous relationships.

How I used it: I wanted to open up my readers minds to the idea that the tried and true monogamy shouldn’t be the only relationship to strive for. Many people feel as though they are put in a box that is restrictive and inflexible to their wants and needs, and are afraid of non-monogamy, strictly because of societal expectations.

8. Haythornthwaite, Caroline. “Social Networks and Internet Connectivity Effects.” N.p., June 2005. Web. Background: This article discusses the beneficial aspects of the connectivity of the internet.It goes into detail about the types of relationships and bonds people develop through the internet.

   How I used it:Since one of the integral points of my essay is that the internet brings people together for positive discussions about sex, including this in my essay was important. I had to show how the internet connects people, in order to explain how those connections lead to conversations and expansion of ideas.

9. Armstrong, Elizabeth A., Laura T. Hamilton, ELizabeth M. Armstrong, and J. Lotus Seeley. “‘‘Good Girls’’: Gender, Social Class, and Slut Discourse on Campus.” Sage Journals. American Sociological Association, 2014. Web.

Background: This article discussed women v. women slut shaming, and why it is damaging, especially, to young girls. It also discusses class differentiation, race divides, and other causal aspects of slut shaming.

How I used it: I used this article within my essay to show the scrutiny that girls face over sex and the relatively carefree attitude that boys get to have. Discussing the factors that lead to female sexual oppression was important for thesis.

10. Webb, Lewis Mark. “Shame Transfigured: Slut-shaming from Rome to Cyberspace | Webb | First Monday.” Shame Transfigured: Slut-shaming from Rome to Cyberspace | Webb | First Monday. N.p., 6 Apr. 2015. Web.

    Background: This journal piece juxtaposes historical slut-shaming with modern day internet harassment. It looks at the similar themes in the shaming, but focuses on how the internet’s no-holds-barred attitude has exasperated the harmful effects of slut-shaming on women.

    How I used it: I wanted to convey that slut-shaming is not a new topic, and go over how the internet can give power to slut shamers, this journal piece covers those perfectly. The author’s words helped to give me ideas on where to take my argument.

11. POV India. “”Women, Sexuality and the Internet.” .” Point of View, 26 Mar. 2013. Web.

Background: This blog post lightly touches on the idea of using the internet to connect women, who can then communicate and share stories and advice. However, it focuses on Indian women across the globe who use services of the internet to keep themselves from feeling so isolated and alone in their issues.

How I used it: My essay discusses the internet and its ability to bring women together, which is one of the themes of this essay. I was able to use a quote to show an actual example of women using the internet for this purpose.

1.Neill, D. Monty, and Noe J. Medina. “Standardized Testing: Harmful to Educational Health.” The Phi Delta Kappan, vol. 70, no. 9, 1989, pp. 688–697.

Background: This article, instead of merely stating that standardized testing is harmful, breaks down each specific reason that standardized testing is not as standard as believed. The beginning of the article cites specific research studies that show flaws in the standardized testing system such as test validity and testing bias. The end of the article researches how standardized testing impacts schools and students.

How I used it: This article points out the specific flaws that make testing a bad indicator of student achievement. This source does not delve deeply into each flaw, but allowed me to gain enough information about the origins of research done on testing validity and bias. This article also provides great research about the harm that high-stake testing does to schools.

2.Wodtke, Kenneth H. et al. “How Standardized Is School Testing? An Exploratory Observational Study of Standardized Group Testing in Kindergarten.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, vol. 11, no. 3, 1989, pp. 223–235.

Background: The entire article is dedicated to one study where 10 kindergartens were observed while administering the “same” standardized test. The conditions and behaviors in each individual classroom allowed the researchers to conclude that the tests, although meant to be standardized, were actually incomparable.

How I used it: This article provided a credible study that displays that standardized testing is not always standard. I  used  this as evidence to support the concept that standardized tests cannot be used to indicate success when they can be so easily influenced and thus incomparable.

3.Green, Robert L., and Robert J. Griffore. “The Impact of Standardized Testing on Minority Students.” The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 49, no. 3, 1980, pp. 238–252.

Background: The article researches three types of bias in standardized testing: bias due to content factors, bias due to norms, and bias in testing conditions. The purpose of the article is to highlight the unfairness of standardized testing on minority students and how it will affect them throughout their life. The bulk of the article is spent citing specific research and adding more detail to support the claims made in the beginning.

How I used it: It is important to understand the history of standardized testing in order to analyze the current standing and possible future of testing. Although the article is old, it provided insight into what the problems were with standardized testing back then. From there, I was able to do research to find out whether the problems that existed in this article still exist today. Some of the issues brought up in the article are still a problem today and show that standardized tests often put minority students at a disadvantage.

4.Popham, James W. Using Standards and Assessments. 6th ed. Vol. 56. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1999. 8-15. Print.

Background: The article is devoted to backing up the central claim that using standardized tests to measure school quality is like measuring temperature with a tablespoon.  The article uses real questions from past standardized tests to emphasize the flaws and biases within the system.

How I Used it:  This article shows the rise in the importance in standardized testing and analyzes how that has affected schools. I used this article to show that schools have been harmed by the high-stakes nature of tests. Also, this article helped me prove, using actual standardized test questions, that questions often require “common knowledge” that puts low income students at a disadvantage.

5.Harris, Phillip, Joan Harris, and Bruce M. Smith. “Standardized Tests Do Not Effectively Measure Student Achievement.” Standardized Testing. Ed. Dedria Bryfonski. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012.Web. 30 Nov. 2016.

Background: This article examines the idea of “student achievement.” Many would define student achievement as a student’s success on state tests, however the author urges that tests fail to reward students for many important characteristics. The article also argues that standardized testing promotes shallow thinking students. Students are urged to seek out the quickest and most obvious answer when taking these tests and therefore deep thinking and problem solving is not measured either.

How I used it: This article allowed me to not only focus on flaws within the current tests and testing conditions, but also on what the tests lack. Creativity, critical thinking, resourcefulness, motivation, and resilience are all important characteristics that the tests lack. This article proved that the word achievement is very complex, especially when it comes to schools and students. Standardized tests, on the other hand, are not very complex. It is hard to measure something complex using something standard.

6. Gandy, Latasha. “Don’t Believe the Hype: Standardized Tests Are Good for Children, Families and Schools.” Education Post. Education Post, 11 Jan. 2016. Web. 12 Nov. 2016.

Background: In this article, Minnesota Education Program Director Latasha Gandy, argues that standardized tests are presently good for children and communities. She states that the most important reason that they benefit communities and students is that they are the strongest tool in the fight for educational justice.

How I Used it: This is the strongest argument against my thesis that I refute. Standardized test achievement gaps have only decreased by a small margin in the past 30 years so standardized tests have not been a strong tool in fighting injustice.

7.“NAEP – Achievement Gaps.” NAEP – Achievement Gaps. National Center for Educational Statistics, 22 Sept. 2015. Web. 12 Nov. 2016.

Background: This is an official report by the National Center for Educational Statistics. The report records the achievement gap for Hispanics and African Americans going back decades ago to the present.

How I used it: This report is used in my refutation of source #6. Achievement gaps in the last thirty years have only decreased by slim margins, usually around 4 points. In some cases, the achievement gap has actually widened in the past thirty years.

8.“NCLB: Narrowing the Curriculum?” NCLB Policy Brief. Center on Education Policy, 1 July 2005. Web. 23 Nov. 2016.

Background: This source presents the Center of Education Policy’s nationally representative survey questioning whether schools have narrowed their curriculum due to standardized testing. This article is a presentation of their findings.

How I Used it: I used this trustworthy survey to prove that schools are narrowing their curriculum due to standardized testing. Schools are putting more emphasis on reading and math since these are heavily tested subjects instead of art, history, and science. This proves that standardized testing may be creating a less diverse and well-rounded education for students.

9.Hamilton, L. S., Stecher, B. M., Marsh, J. A., McCombs, J. S., Robyn, A., Russell, J. L., et al. (2007). Standards-based accountability under No Child Left Behind: Experiences of teachers and administrators in three states. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

Background: This source is an extensive study done by the Rand Corporation. Researchers analyzed teachers and administrators in three states: California, Georgia, and Pennsylvania. They analyzed how standard-based accountability has affected teachers and their teaching styles.

How I used it: This article showed that a majority of teachers have begun “teaching to the test” since the stakes of standardized testing have gone up. Once I prove that standardized testing increases the prevalence of teaching to the test, I can show that teaching to the test harms students.

10.Mitchell, Ruth. “High-Stakes Testing and Effects on Instruction.” Center for Public Education. Center for Public Education, 6 Mar. 2006. Web. 23 Nov. 2016.

Background: This is an article posted by Ruth Mitchell, a Center for Public Education researcher. The article pulls together the findings of several studies in order to create conclusions based on the research.

How I used it: This source provided a lot of clarification on definitions of ambiguous phrases. For example, this article provided a practical definition of “teaching to the test” which I used throughout my paper. This article also provides the findings of surveys that question teacher, student, and public attitudes towards standardized testing.

11. Macguire, Angus, and IISC. “Illustrating Equality VS Equity.” Interaction Institute for Social Change. IISC, 01 June 2016. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.

Background: The International Institute for Social Change collaborated with artist Angus Macguire to create an image that displays the difference between equity and equality.

How I Used it: I used Macguire’s image to create a metaphor between testing and watching a baseball game as depicted in the picture. It is possible for standardized tests to achieve test equality but not test equity.

12.Aycock,  James. “Teacher Voice: In Defense of Standardized Testing.” SCORE. N.p., 20 May 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.

Background: In this article, James Aycock speaks in defense of standardized tests. He argues that most standardized tests are good and they should continue as they are being implemented today.

How I Used it: This is another argument that I refuted. Ayock displays that tests are equal in that every student is given the same test. However, he fails to make mention of test equity. I used this source along with source #11 to show that test equity is more important than test equality since equality could put some at a disadvantage while equity creates an equal playing field for all.