Causal Rewrite-31Savage

The Birth of Street Crime

The legacy of slavery lives in our streets. African-Americans, descended from slaves, living in poverty, commit street crimes because of their poverty and their heritage.

In 1619, the first slave ships landed in the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia. Slaves, brought from Africa to work for their slave owners, were tortures, forced to live in impoverished communities, forced to work for free, and deprived of the basic freedom to learn. Slave owners had complete control over the slaves, and they made it nearly impossible to survive.

Now, four hundred years later, conditions for the descendants of slaves still create criminality. Uneducated and impoverished, living in desperate communities, African-Americans in today’s inner cities are destined to commit street crimes.

When comparing 1619 and present day, they are fraternal twins to each other. Both times involved, slaving, or imprisoning an extreme number of African-Americans, illiteracy in the African-American communities and severe poverty. Viewing the horrific timeline from 1619 to present day, there is a chain reaction of slavery, illiteracy, Jim Crow laws, and impoverished generations that produced street crime.

Starting with slavery, it thrived for an excruciating 245 years. In 1776, the Founding Fathers of America created the Declaration of Independence, which would later free slaves. Slavery would then be a problem for African-Americans for the next 89 years. Slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment that was created in 1865.

After slavery, African-Americans worked for very little pay. African-Americans could not make sufficient money ironically, because the only way to make sufficient money was to own farms. They could not own land, so they found themselves working in the same farms where they were once enslaved. Farmers were the driving force of America’s economy. Africans couldn’t own land because they were not considered citizens of the US. This is like problems we have today with wages and living conditions. According to the “United Sates Census Bureau,” in a chart of the “median household income”, the “average African Americans household makes only $33,321.” This is a little more than half of White household’s income. African Americans will get paid less than Whites who are doing the same job. There is a similarity with the pay because in the past African Americans always made less than Whites. Black ex-cons and White excons are receiving different pay aswell. Bruce Western, in the table three chart in his essay, “The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality,” claims that the average wages of African-American ex-cons are documented at $5.33, which is less than white ex-cons at $5.77. Trying to survive in society with these wages for both Whites and Black is nearly impossible. Most ex-cons end up living in the same environment that lead to their arrest. Even though both ex-cons and ex-slavers are free, theirs living situations seems all too familiar.

African-Americans have always been deprived of access to proper education. During slavery, it was illegal for slaves to learn so up until the end of slavery African-Americas didn’t learn. If you have generations of illiterate ancestors, this will negatively affect the learning ability for future generations. After slavery, Blacks were not allowed to go to the same schools as Whites because of Jim Crow laws. The schools that were available to Blacks were barely functional. If people are placed in an environment filled with poverty and illiteracy, street crime will be the result.

During segregation, African-Americans were not allowed to integrate into White communities therefore, Africans lived in impoverished communities. These communities were designed to be placed away from white communities. This is like the way communities are structured in present day. The structure of today’s communities started when America shifted from an agricultural economy to a factory driven economy in the 19th century. As the industrial age grew, and the agricultural age declined, people began to leave the farming life behind and move to cities and towns with factory jobs. The nation’s wage earnings began to come from people who were formerly self-employed but now employed by major corporations. Blacks and Whites where living in segregated communities, but they were more often working in the same factories in their cities and towns. This increase in the industrial age also came to a decline at the fault of the great depression. In 1929-39, America along with many other countries suffered from the largest economic fall in history. This economic fall forced many companies to lay off workers, causing vast unemployment and hardships. After 1939, the economy recovered after the New Deal and World War II’s contribution to the industrial industry.

Whites began to leave the cities and move to suburban areas where blacks weren’t allowed. Public Housing policies were still preventing Blacks from taking most opportunities that were available to Whites. In a broadcast on “Fresh Air,” Richard Rothstein said that “the second policy, which was probably even more effective in segregating metropolitan areas, was the Federal Housing Administration, which financed mass production builders of subdivisions starting in the 30’s and then going on to the 40’s and 50’s in which those mass production builders, places like Levittown for example, and Nassau County in New York and in every metropolitan area in the country, the Federal Housing Administration gave builders like Levitt concessionary loans through banks because they guaranteed loans to lower interest rates for banks that the developers could use to build these subdivisions on the condition that no homes in those subdivisions be sold to African-Americans.” In this same broadcast, he also said that “This was to ensure that public housing would only be used to house people of the same race in which it was located.” This pushed Whites out of the public housing communities and trapped Blacks in. The overpopulation and low-income of communities made poverty spread like a disease.

As poverty started to grow problems started to rise and street crime was born. Drugs began to find their way to these impoverished communities. After WWII, war veterans returned home to these overpopulated and impoverished communities with bigger problems than the war to deal with. One of these problems was drug addiction. Drugs such as morphine and heroin was used on a regular basis in wars as pain killers. According to an article on “narconon.org,” “morphine was the only thing that made the gunshot, amputation and recovery tolerable.” Many soldiers became addicted to the drug and even after the war ended, they couldn’t shake the addiction. Heroin started getting made in the 19th century by boiling morphine. According to the same article, “in 1898, the Bayer pharmaceutical company began an aggressive marketing campaign to sell its commercial preparation of heroin. Heroin was heavenly promoted as being non-addicting, and therefore an excellent treatment for morphine addiction. In 1906, the American Medical Association approved Heroin for general use and recommended that is be used in place of morphine.” Heroin flooded the bodies of the solders and they had to feed their addiction. Returning home unemployed and living in poverty prevented them from buying the drugs they needed. If someone needs money, but they are unemployed they will do anything to obtain the money. Street crime is the easiest way to make money for people living in impoverished communities. Get a gun on the street and robbing someone is easier than getting a job.

Because of racism, African-Americans have been getting slaughtered since the beginning of slavery. During the time of slavery, Blacks were beaten, hung from trees, and abused, even by police. Blacks have always had trouble with police brutality and even in present day this hasn’t changed. Police officers get away with murdering people because their badges protect them. At the end of the day, it’s our word against theirs.  America has always stereotyped Blacks as criminals, so if there is no one around to witness the murders they get away with them. There have been frequent videos of police wrongfully killing unarmed Black people and they still seem to get away with it. There have been a gruesome number of police killings of unarmed Black people in the past decades. According to the article, “Mapping Police Violence” on “Mapping Poliece Violenc.com” in 2015 alone, there was over 100 murders of unarmed Black people. This is unacceptable and it needs to change. We as Americans must figure out a way to undo all the wrongs done to African-Americans in the past and present. It is easy for America to blame African Americans for what we go through in America, but it’s not our fault its America’s fault. Tracing street crime back to slavery is a long process but when you connect the dots they add up. After looking at the evidence, slavery is the only clear explanation for street crime.

Works Cited

“Heroin History 1900s.” Narconon International. Narconon, Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

NPR. “Historian Says Don’t ‘Sanitize’ How Our Government Created Ghettos” NPR.org. Fresh air. 14 May, 2015. Web.6 Nov.

Western, Bruce. The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality (n.d.): n. pag. Scholar.Harverd.edu. Harvard University, 1 Aug. 2002. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

“Police Killed More than 100 Unarmed Black People in 2015.” Mapping Police Violence. Mapping Police Violence, n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2016.

History.com Staff. “Slavery in America.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 09 Dec. 2016

Harden, Seth. “Welfare Statistics and Demographics.” Statistic Brain. Statisticbrain, 27 Sept. 2016. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.

Rebuttal Rewrite – BTB100

The U.S is acknowledged the top powerhouse in the world and a country that has the highest say in the United Nations, which has the likes of France, Britain, Russia, and a few other countries in the organization. But with that role that the U.S has they feel the need to always try to get involved and share their beliefs with the world.

The US is seen as a powerhouse nation with one of the strongest military power out there in the eyes of the people. But while having so much power can be beneficial in today’s world, it may cause more problems rather than good. Whenever a problem occurs, people believe the U.S should intervene since they have such a strong military and have been known for changing the tides in battle. People believe the U.S should intervene, go win the battle in Syrian and get out. But the people don’t realize there are many more problems that the U.S face when it comes to getting involved with foreign affairs. The United Nations was created for these types of problems, which is a reason why the U.S should stand back and let this organization do there job.

The United Nations was created to prevent wars and to intervene when necessary and to prevent any harm on countries. This organization was made after the world war to prevent wars. But other countries like Russia and China have different plans for how to settle the problem with Syria, that many other countries do not believe in. While other countries realize the problems that are going on in Syria and realize they have no need to be involved. President Obama felt upset that France and Britain are making no attempt to get involved. But understanding where France is coming from many wouldn’t want to be involved either after the attacks they received at Paris and bombing that occurred as well. The US as well has dealt with a lot of problems with terrorism speaking 9/11 and the bombing in Boston just occurred in these past years. Other countries such as France realize there is no need to get involved, the U.S should think about recent events before making there next move on Syria.

A major concern for bringing soldiers to another country to defend foreign people, as a country we shouldn’t be sending our own men to a place where they risk their lives in order to protect other countries citizens,  due to foreign countries having weak military strength.  Lt. Gen. Clarence E. McKnight, Jr believes a way to defend the Syrians is to send men in and risk their lives .“Only an overwhelming land force can impose order and peace on that tortured piece of real estate. We would lose people as would our allies, but the alternative is to simply stand idly by while this tragedy unfolds.” As he describes so in the article “The U.S. Should Intervene in Syria in a Big Way” I completely disagree with this statement, by sending in soldiers we risk there lives and create more chaos. As Lt. Gen. Clarence E. McKnight, Jr goes on to say “I don’t mean more bombing, more pathetic efforts at diplomacy and heaven forbid any more red lines.” to me bombing would be more of a reasonable idea rather then sending soldiers in. No matter what ISIS will feel threatened and strike back, they have shown that throughout the years and that they will not be hiding back and laying low. They will strike back to the ones who intervene with their battles. Either way by getting involved the U.S will cause problems so if that’s the case, blow off a few bombs take your men out and see how they react because either we sending our men into a death mission would bring back terror to our country. Due to the safety of our people and concern for there well being is why we shouldn’t even get involved, no good come out of getting involved. If the world saw this as a major problem others would be getting involved, but as you can see France and England are backing out because they got more problems to deal within there own country.

rebuttal argument-ballsohard83

America is a great place to be a citizen. It is the best country in the world and if people had the choice most likely this is the country they would choose to be born in. It is the land of opportunity as we like to say here. This is a country where one can achieve any goal that they set their mind to within the rules of the law of course. One can’t go wrong with living in America because you can be free and proud of who you really are and don’t have to fit in to society.  If one is trying to be successful and is looking forward to being successful in life this country is the best country to be apart of. We do not discriminate we do not hate we accept all kinds of people we accept all shapes and sizes. It does not matter what race you are we accept you as one of our own. We encourage everyone to come be apart of this great country no matter what country you came from. No one can say that this country isn’t great.  This country is so important we help out a lot of other countries and get no credit for it really. We are the reason that a lot of these countries are so wealthy today. We keep them in line and we help them so they can help us. Everyone has respect for America because we have the strongest military. Not many countries want to try to go to war with us because we are favored to win   because we are one of the wealthiest countries in the world.

Why wouldn’t one want to come to America we have the best jobs and there are so many up for grabs you can literally come here and choose whats best for you and what is the best fit for you. If you don’t like your job you can just get a new one. Most people take the school route which is the most reliable route. You get to go to a college for about 4 years at least and you get to study and learn what you love to do. It shows you how to be the best at whatever field you choose. If you choose to be a police officer you can go to school and learn about the justice system get familiar with the law so much that it would be basically second nature to you. Then with those skills you can take it to the police academy where you can see the physical state of your body and then eventually if good enough you can become a police officer. This country is a place for you to chase your dreams and be proud of yourself when you achieve them. This isn’t a country of hate this is a country of love. Many people would do crazy things to be apart of this great place. Just to be born here is a blessing because you are destined for greatness. All it is going to take is a little bit of hard work and commitment. If you are an American the only thing this country asks of you is to try and become successful. It isn’t a mandatory thing but it is definitely yours for the taking. If you open your eyes you can be anything you want to be.

As told before when it comes to race in this country, we do not discriminate at all white, black, and Spanish are all welcomed. We are all treated as equals no one call tell you you cant do something here and if they try to do that you have to just prove them wrong. You are going to get a fair opportunity just like everyone else in this country. I can not stress it enough that we are the best country in the world to live in.

Causal Rewrite – BTB100

The threats of terrorism is paralyzing to us. Because of past attacks, we fear of going to sporting events and other large social gatherings. A few examples of recent terrorist attacks that occurred, would be the Boston marathon and the bombing in the Germany vs France soccer game before the European Cup. The attack in France resulted in an unbelievable amount of security on all areas of France. These terroristic threats occurring in todays society causes major problems for the world. The people fear from experiencing some of the most entertaining events the world has to offer. By terrorists creating fear in the people, it helps terroristic groups achieve there ultimate goal, which is to cause chaos and fear.

The people of The US, have mostly agreed that the number one problem that we face in the US is terrorism, according to Rebecca Riffkin, in her article “Americans Name Terrorism as No. 1 U.S. Problem”.  Riffkin claims about one in every six americans feel terrorism is the biggest problem going on in the world. From these results terrorism should then be the first things we solve in America, rather than worrying about others issues. If the people agree on a problem, the government should react to the problem first before the issue increases to a bigger deal.

Terrorism is an on occurring problem in Syria. ISIS who is one of the most popular terroristic groups has been getting involved with Syria and creating chaos. Syrians fearing for there lives are deporting Syria and trying to make there way into other countries that are willing to accept them, which is creating more problems for countries letting in these refugees. ISIS is not a fan of the Syrians leaving, because if these Syrians leave and they are fleeing the country, Isis will have no one to terrorism which defeats the whole idea of terrorizing these people. By The US allowing these people to come into our country causes many problems for us, for which we do not know who they are or what types of ethics they believe in. The U.S could have many benefits by having Syrians stay in Syria in terms of defeating ISIS. By having Syrians stay in Syria it allow ISIS to be all in one area of the world rather than in all different countries, which will allow the counter terrorism programs to intervene and defeat ISIS easily.

First off by the U.S getting involved with ISIS will feel threatened by the U.S and will cause ISIS to do an unethical response such as another attack in fear of retaliation. The people of America feel unsafe already with terrorism, due to recent events that have occurred all over the world so, why should the government go looking out for more problems? The U.S should be fixing the problem and exterminating terrorism here in there own country first. Once the U.S do so, they can begin to offer help to other countries. By the U.S getting involved with these issues in Syria it results in the U.S national security to get into self defense mood. Which will result in more fear for the american people which is not something the people would look forward too.

Many problems occur with letting in these Syrian refugees in, such as we don’t truly know who is coming into the U.S. Many of these refugees are coming in with past crimes such as rape and murder. Now we are letting these Syrians in with who will continue with these lifestyles. By letting these Syrians in with these types of lifestyles they will inflict harm on our own people, because the government didn’t know who they were truly letting in. Another problem that occurs with these refugees is some of these Syrian refugees have forged papers and are really with ISIS which is a giant problem within itself, know we are letting in these people who we are trying to take out and defeat the U.S. Many believe that our government should have great knowledge of the refugees who are coming into the country, and if the government cant confirm who these refugees are then don’t let them in, that is how you create safety and hope for the people. By letting these Syrians into the U.S it is causing more problems rather than solving one. By just closing off the borders of American we are one step closer to defeating ISIS and are taking the fear out of the people. 

The best bet for the US to offer a great chance in safety for the people would be to let other countries take action on the problems that are occurring in Syria, and to just have the US worry about themselves. Even though other people and countries believe to stop terrorism the U.S should go attack ISIS head on, that would cause more problems rather then good. The US has many issues to deal with between its own countries and there problems, to go on and worry about how another country is doing. If it is such a big concern to the world why hasn’t anyone else stepped in and intervene?   

Causal Argument Rewrite- yankeeskid6

It seems we have always been accustomed to violence and crime inside U.S cities. It makes sense, more people more crime.However crime has been rising for years and even in the past year crimes such as homicides, rapes, assaults and shootings have risen. So naturally when more felony’s are committed in an area its safe to say law enforcement will appear in those areas. The officers will be on higher alert now and will most likely engage in more action if crime has risen. In an article written by the National Review they used statistics from the Post that said American police had fatally shot 965 people in 2015, 564 of those killed were armed with a gun, 281 were armed with another weapon, and 90 were unarmed. This means that 70% or more cases involving fatal shootings are after an officer is put into danger, defending himself or defending someone else. Unfortunately, these communities with high crime rates tend to reside in the inner-city. The most dominate race in inner-cities happens to be African American and Latinos. According to pbs.org “Across the nation, four out of five whites live outside of the cities and 86% of whites live in neighborhoods where minorities make up less than 1% of the population. In contrast, 70% of Blacks and Latinos live in the cities or inner-ring suburbs.” With these factors connecting one another we can see now why it seems to be that more and more African American men and women as well as Latinos are being arrested. When it comes to race the common view is that these fatal shootings on the black communities by white law enforcement is normal. However, its only 4% of all fatal shootings performed by officers each year.  And the reason most African Americans are fatally shot in these areas is simply because general areas with large black populations tend to have high crime/death rates. In the National Review article by David French he says blacks “commit homicide at close to eight times the rate of whites and Hispanics combined….among males between the ages of 14 and 17, the interracial homicide commission gap is nearly tenfold.” French goes on further to say  “In 2014, for example, while black Americans constituted only about 13 percent of the population, they represented a majority of the homicide and robbery arrests. 82 percent of all gun deaths in the black community are from homicide. For whites, 77 percent of gun deaths are suicides.” Although, even with statistics proving that cops are simply just doing their job and trying to protect the non-vigilantes; black communities are still in an uproar over the death toll. Thus, movements such as “Black Lives Matter,” have come about over this issue. Then, a domino effect starts. We see one protest turn violent, which leads to another, which then leads to an attack on officers. We should try and steer away from media analysis and rather understand the data because it paints a different picture. The real issue is poverty and the construction of these neighborhoods. If we can move and help minorities in the inner-cities move out or help these areas grow towards success, then crime and violence would go down. Cops are there to do their job and not to start some form of a race war. People make individual choices to break the law it has nothing to do with race. A white man is just as dangerous as a black man and we should still understand that.

French, David. “The Numbers Are In: Black Lives Matter Is Wrong about Police.” National Review. National Review, 28 Jan. 2016. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.

http://www.nationalreview.com/article/429094/black-lives-matter-wrong-police-shootings

Bruer, Wesley. “Violent Crime Rising in US Cities, Study Finds.” CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

Rebuttal Rewrite-Juniorgirlblog

Thesis:Based on current research, these acts of violence involve citizens who are also African American. In this paper, I will discuss how African American males are historically targets of these senseless acts.

So while people are scared for their lives and trying to figure out while they are not being protected by the people that took a oath to protect all citizens are now doing the opposite.  People are afraid of there lives , even when a officer pull them over for a example they will each out both hands up in the air and say don’t shoot. The reason for this because they are scared of their lives since their have been too many police shootings in the past.

Many citizens  such as African Americans believe that the past history of what their ancestors went through is reoccurring , instead of improving it self.  In certain cases they  law enforcement officer who have proof against time knowing he did it , tends to get all the charges to drop and is set free. This make everyone things that African Americans don’t have a spot in this world after 100 of years of slavery.

 

 

Robust Verbs- jsoccer5

A huge problem in Vancouver right now involving heroin addicts committing crimes to support their bad habits [no verb in this sentence]. The “free heroin for addicts” program is doing everything they can to stop addicts from committing crimes. The crime rate has gone up due to these addicts. Addicts have a hard time getting through their day to day lives. Their daily activities such as jobs, interactions, and relationships are hard to maintain because they are using. Due to the addiction, they will do whatever they have to do to get their hands on the drug. The types of crimes committed are crimes such as breaking and entering. There are no limits to where they will go to retrieve this drug so that they can feed their addiction. The problem with the program is that it won’t help addicts ween off the drugs. It is only trying to save the city from rising crime rates. By providing the drug, these addicts will be off the streets, which in turn will prevent them from committing minor street crimes. Also it will keep the heroin users out of the hospital. It is pointless that the hospitals have to deal with people that want to use bad drugs or unsanitary needles and find themselves being unable to afford hospital bills and hard to cope without the drug. This program gives people free heroin in the cleanest way possible. This will in turn fix the city  but not the addiction that these people face.

Enough about You- Jsoccer5

Money plays such a large role in society, where no one can get every far in life without money. Money is valued in so many different ways, even just the number is valued by people when they never actually see the physical money. Today people need to trust the government and banking systems that they will take care of the money properly. If people did not trust the banks, they would have to hide their money around their houses and be solely responsibly for the lost of it. The though of money always seemed simple; however it is quiet more complicated. No one ever sees their money no matter where they are from. No one is ever handed physical cash, and people have to trust their government that the money they were given appears in their bank accounts.

Definition rewrite-Juniorgirlblog

 Black Lives Matter

Black lives matter was created because of the the racism that African Americans are faced . Black lives matter is a non violence movement that was created based on the killings of African American of society over the past years by whites.  Over the past couple of years there has been a dramatic increase of police brutality. We know that the police are suppose to protect us not to kill us.  This has been a major problem in today’s society and in the African American community   , mainly the males are more target then the females.

Because of the increase of African American killing had cause a lot of fear with in the community. In many cases, the police are founded not guilty even if its evidence pointing towards a officer. For example, Sandra Bland was killed by police officer while incarcerated. Bland was pulled over because she failed to signal when she was changing lanes.in the video when he first pulled her and was telling her to get out the car, he was being aggressive. Her death was mysterious because she only spend 3 nights in jail and was alive when booking but she all of sudden died in police custody. The news showed a video of her dead in a suppose to be mugshot that was next to the one she took when she first arrived at the sight.  When the case went to trial the officer who pulled her over   and other in the jail was trailed. It was evidence against each of the officers, but when it came to determine whether or not if the officers guilty or innocent .  The court came up with letting the officers off and they can go back to work.

This made the African American community outrage and riots starts to break out world wide because of the decision that was made even with the evidence they had. That’s where Black lives matter came about because they understand that people are up set but starting riots will not make this go away. The Black live matter movement made people understand that the justice system is unfair but we have to remain together in order to stand strong.

1.Miller, Ryan W. “Black Lives Matter: A Primer on What It Is and What It Stands for.” USA Today. Gannett Satellite Information Network, 08 Aug. 2016. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.
 

2.”Sandra Bland’s Death: What We Know.” CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.

Definition Rewrite-edwardnihlman

Does Aggression Equal Violence?

Aggressive behavior does not necessarily mean violence. For decades, politicians and parents have been blaming violent video games as the catalyst for violent behavior in those who play them. A year ago, the American Psychological Association released a study indicating that video games do increase aggression and decrease empathy and sensitivity. At face value, one might think that this proves the claims correct, and that video games do incite violence out of its audience. However, this study does not quite prove that. The study says violent video games increase aggressive behavior, but there is still no correlation between this changed behavior and outright violence.

To better understand what I mean, one must better understand what aggressive behavior entails. According to the University of North Carolina, aggressive behavior is a persistent pattern of behavior that causes or threatens harm to people. Aggression is seen in many forms. There are verbal forms such as taunts and threats. Physical forms such as tantrums, throwing, and fights. Covert forms such as lying, stealing and drug use. Besides, these there are many other types. The fact of the matter is that some forms of aggression are less severe than others. Without a doubt, any form of physical aggression can easily lead to violence, but other forms such as lying or taunting are less clear. With such a broad spectrum of what is considered aggression, saying violent video games causes aggressive activities is a weak argument in blaming them for violent crimes.

To elaborate, someone who plays violent video games might end up being more prone to taunt others. They may even lie or steal more often. There is even the potential that these games could lead to a violent crime, but each form of aggression listed above is very different. Whether it be verbal or physical, noticeable or subtle. There is nothing that truly links one form of aggression to another, besides them just being a form of aggression. Violent video games may only increase one form of aggressive behavior, or it could increase all of them. Despite the research done, there is not enough to pinpoint violent behavior as an effect of increased aggression. In turn, this also means there is not enough to indicate violent behavior as an effect of video games.

Works Cited

American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association, 13 Aug. 2015. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.

Fraser, Mark W., James K. Nash, Maeda J. Galinsky, and Kathleen M. Darwin. “The Making Choices Program: Social Problem- Solving Skills …” University of North Carolina. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.