The rights of Americans have been the country’s most treasured pursuit. To able to live in such a free nation has put a lot pressure on the government to protect our life styles. Our values as Americans have made us a target for terror to instill disbelief in our liberty. However, as Americans we stand together against those who oppose our rights. When analyzing the events at San Bernardino we understand that those who disagree with our way of life use it to their advantage to pursue a reality that does not already surround them. The FBI has made a request with the department of justice that would alert the world of technology consumers. A request that requires Apple to access information on an iPhone used by a terrorist. This request has brought the question of private security verse public security to the public. (1) In, “Apple’s Conundrum: The Immutability of Liberty vs. Security by Yaozong Ma states, “A cornerstone of the FBI‟s argument was the All Writs Act which allowed courts to “issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law” (Limer, 2016). Essentially, All Writs Act provides justification and authorization for courts to craft, enact, and implement orders which compel individuals to perform acts provided that reasoning is both necessary and legal (Limer, 2016).” This shows that the FBI believes that they have the legal means to ask for assistance from a third party. (2) In FBI blasts Apple, Google for locking police out of phones, by Craig Timberg and Greg Miller report the motives of FBI Director James B. Comey wanting Apple to comply with their request. Comey states that, “He could not understand why companies would market something expressly to allow people to place themselves beyond the law.” His reasoning is based on the assumption that apple only caters to the top percent of people who can afford their products. Protecting their private information is what made their company so great to their customers. He defends his stance on protecting the public; moreover it is such a hard stance he forgets that private privacy is just as important to the public. Apple has been known to sell the most exclusive hardware since the beginning of their company.
Defintion Argument — dragon570
A concussion is when a person the brain is bruised because they were hit really hard or hit something really hard. Brain injuries is a very serious decision in sports because players get injured all the time. Inside our skull we have our brain and if that something happens where a persons brain bangs into the skull it could cause some harmful things depending on how hard the brain hit against the skull. Also, the brain is surrounded by fluid and 3 layers that is between the brain and the skull but they only can help to a limit when the brain hits against the skull.
Rugby is a sport that involves no pads, and older versions of the American football helmets from back in the day. Rugby is played around the world from America, New Zealand, Japan to list a few. People say rugby is like American football but without pads, however, that is not the case the difference is:
- They use a different method for tackling a player that has the ball.
- The ball is shaped differently than the American football.
- The scoring is different. A “try” (touchdown) is 5 point, instead, of 6 points like the NFL.
- The time of play is not split into 4 quarters instead it’s split into 2 halves.
- The equipment that rugby players wear is different from the NFL’s equipment.
Work Cited
“Concussion: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention.” WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.
Dawson, Peter. “Rugby Tries – How and Where You Score Tries in Rugby.” RugbyHow. RugbyHow, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.
Brief Causal Arguments-theshocker69
Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
Taking guns away from our citizens will only make it easier for criminals to commit crimes against society.
Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
Taking guns away from our citizens will take away freedoms granted by nature and will take away my ability to defend myself or my family.
Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
If guns were made illegal in America, and Mexico still sold illegal, unregistered weapons across the border then crime rates will rise substantially.
A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
Taking away the entire population’s guns results in a defenseless country without a militia. This opens us up to the same scenarios that brought us to our Revolutionary War.
Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
Taking guns away from the American people does not make them safer.
Brief Causal Argument
- Fast food and other poor eating habits are affecting people around the world negatively regarding their health.
- When one person in the family eats poorly not only himself but his children could be born with high blood pressure or other health issues.
- Poor eating habits, lack of exercise, and obesity could be related to heart problems.
- Due to excessive amounts of commercials and other forms of advertising fast food poor eating habits are formed and passed down to their children and so on that now fast food and poor eating habits are accepted world wide.
- If you eat fast food once in moderation you will become obese.
Causal Argument – darnell18
The Dark Truth About Driving
When it comes to police officers pulling over minorities for discriminatory reasons, the causal chain that follows has proven to be extremely controversial and sometimes even fatal. These looming problems could be non existent if officers used their authority properly on a consistent basis. The specific issue at hand exists in the first place because police officers in today’s society do not always use their discretion to pull drivers over simply for issues relating to the law, but rather because of their discriminatory mentality. Christopher Ingraham claims that “approximately a two percent higher amount of blacks than whites are actually not even given a reason for why they have been pulled over when they get stopped,” in his article, “You Really Can Get Pulled Over For Driving While Black, Federal Statistics Show.” Two percent may not sound extremely high, but when the percentage of whites not given a reason is only at 2.6, then it is almost double the amount of blacks that go through the same thing.
The causal chain that tends to occur in this situation is that discriminating police officers pulling over a higher number of minorities than any other group, then leads to these minorities resenting police officers because they abuse their authority. In addition to that, whether the driver or officer are being particularly way too difficult at the time, things have taken an abrupt, violent turn for the worst.
The Constitution begins by stating that “all men are equal”, yet the society we live in has proven that although it is in The Constitution, it is still far from true. In relation to discrimination by officers potentially turning violent, it is important to understand that the discrimination does not just stop when the car is pulled over. Much like how The Constitution states that all men are equal but still are not treated equally, the 14th Amendment provides equal protection and not allowing discrimination while driving, but that is also not applied consistently. As a nation, we cannot be oblivious and neglect the fact that regardless of what The Constitution may say, law enforcement does not faithfully abide to it. Minorities are referred to as such because there are less of them in our country than whites. Nevertheless, more blacks are pulled over than whites. Minorities making up the majority of people pulled over is a staggering statistic that should not be overlooked.
Just a few months ago, an African-American man named Philando Castile was shot and killed by a police officer in his car in Minnesota. The car was pulled over for a broken taillight, which is understandable. Nevertheless, the man had a 5 year old girl in the back seat when the officer shot him. There was a woman in the passenger seat that started recording the situation on her phone after shots were fired, and her statement explaining the killing was that, ”he let the officer know that he had a firearm and he was reaching for his wallet and the officer just shot him in his arm,” Elliot McLaughlin reports in his article, “Woman Streams Aftermath of Fatal Officer-Involved Shooting.” He had a permit for the gun and went out of his way to make the officer aware he had it. It may not be known how this would have unfolded had the driver been white, but taking into consideration that the society we live in today is full of discrimination and hate, most people would believe that this officer was slightly more on-edge and trigger-happy due to the color of the man on the opposite end of the barrel.
The issue does not just begin and end with a simple traffic stop, either. “The racial disparity isn’t just limited to stops. Other police-driver contact — searches, tickets, arrests and license suspensions — show similar racial skews,” according to Kim Soften in “The Big Question About Why Police Pull Over So Many Black Drivers.” This is what leads to the majority of these minorities resenting and not respecting the authority. Many of them may have to deal with ensuing legal issues after getting pulled over, that would not have happened had this epidemic been a thing of the past.
As far as the anticipated rebuttals to this argument go, it is clear that not everybody shares a similar viewpoint on this topic. If everybody had the same mindset about it, it probably would not be a problem. Some rebuttals are indisputably true as well, such as the fact that African American police officers pull over black people as well, so it is unlikely a man would discriminate against someone the same color as him. Nevertheless, with that being said, that does not account for every single traffic stop. It is an exception to the discriminatory pattern of white against black, but yet it cannot be ignored that the percentage of those occurrences is minuscule in relation to the typical white cop, black driver scenario.
In conclusion, as much as our nation would probably like to say that discrimination was a thing of the past, it is not. These are real issues and racism is still alive. Just because it does not come in the visual form of segregation in the early 1900s, does not mean it is gone and over with. It is clearly unknown what it will take to change the discriminatory mindset of the people in our society today, but at this rate it looks like we are on pace to set our country back 100 years and something must be done about it. Yes, we have had a black president, but it is as if we took one step forward and two steps back by now electing a man who openly makes racist and discriminatory remarks in many of his debates and press conferences. There were actually riots when Obama was elected. This shows that a good amount of this country was not ready for a black president. If racial profiling still happened under a black president, they certainly will not improve or just go away under the government of a man who sustains a discriminatory mentality.
Works Cited
Soften, Kim. “The Big Question About Why Police Pull Over So Many Black Drivers” The Washington Post. 08 July 2016. Web. 30 Oct. 2016
Ingraham, Christopher. “You Really Can Get Pulled Over For Driving While Black, Federal Statistics Show” The Washington Post. 09 Sept. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2016
McLaughlin, Elliot. “Woman Streams Aftermath of Fatal Officer-Involved Shooting” CNN. 08 July, 2016. Web. 06 Nov. 2016
Causal Argument- princess272
The
Causal Argument- Collegekid9
In Vancouver, the crime rate is large because heroin addicts are committing crimes to support their habits. These addicts are having a hard time completing daily activities such as maintaining jobs, interactions, and relationships. The users often have no limits when it comes to getting their hands on heroin which has led a lot of theft. The “Free Heroin for Addicts” program is attempting to lower the crime rate of the city by providing heroin easily so that addicts do not have to commit crimes to get the drug. The program will also keep heroin users out of the hospital by reducing the use of laced drugs and unsanitary needles. The downfall to the program is that it will not help addicts move towards recovery.
By the Way, It Was Great Working with You! “Neurowiki 2013.” Heroin Addiction and Crime –. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.
“Heroin Clinics Improve Addicts‘ Lives.” Sciencenordic.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.
Causal Argument-31Savage
The Birth of Street Crime
African American people tend to commit street crimes because they are living in poverty and were once slaves. In 1619, the first slave ships landed in the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia. Slaves were people from Africa that was brought to work for their slave owners. Slaves were tortured, forced to live in impoverished communities, forced to work for free, and were deprived of the basic ability to learn. Slave owners had complete control over the slaves and they made it nearly impossible to survive. There has been a correlation between 1619, and present day. Although these tames are drastically different, there are many similarities between these times. Viewing the horrific timeline from 1619 to present day, there is a chain reaction producing street crime.
Slavery thrived for an excruciating 245 years. In 1776, the Founding Fathers of America created the Declaration of Independence, which would later free slaves. Slavery would then be a problem for African Americans for the next 89 years. The 13th Amendment was created later in the year of 1865, which freed slaves.
After slavery, African Americans worked for very little pay. African Americans could not makes sufficient money ironically, because the only way to make sufficient money was to own farms. They wasn’t able to own land, so they found themselves working in the same farms where they were once enslaved. Farmers were the driving force of their economy. Africans couldn’t own land because they were not considered citizens of the US. This is similar to problems we have today with wages and living conditions. According to the United Sates Census Bureau, in a chart of the median household income, the average African Americans household makes only $33,321. This is a little more than half of White household’s income. Furthermore, the average wages of African American ex-cons are documented to make $5.33, which is less than white ex-cons. Trying to survive in society with these wages is nearly impossible. Most ex-cons end up living in the same environment that lead to their arrest. Even though both ex-cons and ex-slavers are free, theirs living situations seems all too familiar.
During segregation, African Americans were not allowed to integrate into White communities therefor, Africans lived in impoverished communities. These communities were secluded away from white communities. This is similar to the way communities are structured in present day. The structure on today’s communities started when the America shifted from an agricultural economy to a factory driven economy in the 19th century. As the industrial age grew, and the agricultural age declined, people began to leave the farming life behind and move to cities and towns with factory jobs. The nation’s wage earnings began to come from people who were formally self-employed but now employed by major corporations. Blacks and Whites where living in segregated communities, but they were more often working in the same factories in their cities and towns. This increase in the industrial age also came to a decline at the fault of the great depression. In 1929-39, America along with many other countries suffered from the largest economic fall in history. This economic fall forced many companies to lay off workers, causing vast unemployment and hardships. After 1939, the economy recovered after the New Deal and World War II’s contribution to the industrial industry.
Whites began to leave the cities and move to suburban areas where blacks weren’t allowed. Public Housing policies were still preventing Blacks from taking most opportunities that were available to Whites. In a broadcast on “Fresh Air,” Richard Rothstein said that “the second policy, which was probably even more effective in segregating metropolitan areas, was the Federal Housing Administration, which financed mass production builders of subdivisions starting in the 30’s and then going on to the 40’s and 50’s in which those mass production builders, places like Levittown for example, and Nassau County in New York and in every metropolitan area in the country, the Federal Housing Administration gave builders like Levitt concessionary loans through banks because they guaranteed loans to lower interest rates for banks that the developers could use to build these subdivisions on the condition that no homes in those subdivisions be sold to African Americans.” This was to ensure that public housing would only be used to house people of the same race in which it was located (Richard Rothstein). This pushed Whites out of the public housing communities and trapped Blacks in. The overpopulation and low income of communities made poverty spread like a disease.
As poverty started to grow problems started to rise and street crime was born. After WWII, war veterans returned home to these overpopulated and impoverished communities with more problems to deal with. One of these problems was drug addiction. Drugs such as morphine and heroin was regularly used in wars as pain killers. According to an article on narconon.org, “morphine was the only thing that made the gunshot, amputation and recovery tolerable.” Many soldiers became addicted to the drug and even after the war was over they couldn’t shake the addiction. Heroin was crated first by boiling morphine at the end of the 19th century. According to the same article, “in 1898, the Bayer pharmaceutical company began an aggressive marketing campaign to sell its commercial preparation of heroin. Heroin was heavenly promoted as being non-addicting, and therefore an excellent treatment for morphine addiction. In 1906, the American Medical Association approved Heroin for general use and recommended that is be used in place of morphine.” Heroin flooded the bodies of the solders so they had to feed their addiction. Returning home and living in poverty prevented them from buying the drugs they needed. If someone needs money, but they are unemployed they will do anything to obtain the money. Committing crimes is the easiest way to make money living in interspersed communities. We as Americans have to figure out a way to undo all the wrongs done to African Americans in the past. It is easy for America to blame African Americans for what we go through in America, but it’s not our fault its America’s fault.
Works Cited
“Heroin History 1900s.” Narconon International. Narconon, Web. 22 Nov. 2016.
Staff, History .com. “The Great Depression.” History.com. History, 1 Jan. 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2016.
NPR. “Historian Says Don’t ‘Sanitize’ How Our Government Created Ghettos” NPR.org. Fresh air. 14 May, 2015. Web.6 Nov.
Staff, History .com. “Slavery In America.” History.com. History, 1 Jan. 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2016.
Romer, Christina D. “Great Depression.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2016. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.
“Primary Documents In America.” Loc.gov. Web Guides,Web. 6 Nov. 2016.
White, Richard .. “The Rise of Industrial America.” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, Web. 06 Nov. 2
Wickham, DeWayne “Wickham: Do You Know When Slavery Began and Ended?” USA Today. Gannett, 10 Feb. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.
DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-245, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2013. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.
Western, Bruce .. The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality (n.d.): n. pag. Scholar.Harverd.edu. Harvard University, 1 Aug. 2002. Web. 22 Nov. 2016
Causal Argument- Dublin517
The End of Romantic Misogyny, Thanks Internet
Our western culture has lead us to believe that women in monogamous relationships are superior, happier women, but as another sexual revolution rears its noble head; thoughts are changing. Not all women want to, or can, fit the mold of girlfriend or wife, that is why the transition of monogamy to free and open lifestyles is so significant. Authors Pantea Farvid and Virginia Baum help to sum up the negatives of institutional monogamy. Pointing out that the interests of men and capitalism are favored through feelings of possessiveness, jealousy, and exclusion, all conveniently disguised as “romance”. Women will no longer feel the need to justify their sexual desires and experiences with a committed romantic relationship. They can behave sexually and independently without the fear of the societal damnation that they have faced for centuries. Furthermore, through the aid of social media and dating services, the realization that sex and romance can be two different entities has come into view. The “techno-sexual” age has supplied women with the tools to liberate themselves from the romantic misogyny of monogamous relationships.
There is no reason why a long-term monogamous relationship cannot be healthy and supportive to a woman. Despite the possibility to be an equal partnership, societal restraints often create a power dynamic that gives authority to the man. Theories often attribute this phenomena to old-world ideals that view women as property to be transferred from father to husband through marriage. If they did not fall into one of those two scenarios they faced being slut-shamed and titled as promiscuous. These opinions are especially true within the realm of heterosexuality , women involved in LGBTQ relationships have their own forms of constriction but typically have less emphasis on monogamy. Farvid and Baum hit the nail on the head once more when they say “Marriage and, in more contemporary times, monogamy, have been constructed as the ideal way to have heterosexual relationships; the pinnacle of all heterosexual unions (Jackson and Scott, 2004; Robinson, 1997; Stelboum,1999) and the desired outcome of dating and relationships.” . Stevi Jackson and Sue Scott elaborate within their writing called “The Personal is still Political: Heterosexuality, Feminism, and Monogamy” the reason why some women abstain from monogamy. Having a full-on romantic partner can be burdensome, it includes loss of individual identity as one transitions from individual to half-of-a-couple. It also means having to integrate said partner into an already formed social life, meeting friends and family and “making it work”(Jackson, Scott). Some women prefer to reap the benefits of sexual activities without the hassle of a partnership.
The increased traffic found on social media and dating services has opened a floodgate of never before seen opportunities for women. For instance the prevalence of sex-orientated relationships has increased and the presence of slut-shaming is (slowly) becoming less pronounced (Garcia). Tinder is an application designed to match up local singles, and has coined the title as the “hookup app”. Women who desire a sexual partner and nothing more, can swipe through dozens of profiles in minutes and find a reasonable suitor; they are in control. Not only does increased use of Tinder lead to higher levels of casual sex; but sex positive websites, Tumblr pages, and YouTube channels, all encourage safe-sexual exploration and liberation.
This obsession with sex and sex positive content has lead to the success of internet oriented entities. For example, Laci Green is a famous YouTube personality , the mission statement found on her website gives some insight on what exactly she does, “Promote a comprehensive model of sex education using technology.” Times Magazine named her one of the “30 Most Influential People on the Internet” citing that “In an effort to provide a more approachable version of sex education, the YouTube star offers sisterly advice on everything from hookup culture to body positivity to BDSM.” Laci Green’s success can be attributed to the increased open-mindedness of newer generations and their fascination with the internet and even sex. Her fame is symbolic of the correlation between compulsory internet use and acceptance of alternatives to institutional monogamy.
According to a collaborated review found on the U.S. National Library of Medicine’s website, “…these encounters often transpire without any promise of, or desire for, a more traditional romantic relationship. A review of the literature suggests that these encounters are becoming increasingly normative among adolescents and young adults in North America, representing a marked shift in openness and acceptance of uncommitted sex. ” (Garcia). This transition is a powerful movement for the modern generation, and is akin to the sexual revolution of the “Swinging Sixties”. During that time, levels of acceptance on pre-marital sex went up, and during present times levels of acceptance on casual sex are rising. The cause of the sexual liberation and counter-culture of the 1960’s is attributed to many factors; one in particular is increased media. Television broadcasts made radical new ideas accessible to anyone in front of a TV screen. Our modern day situation mirrors this, anyone with a smart phone can watch a YouTube video about sex positivity or download Tinder and start swipin’.
As a result of societies added approval of casual sex, women are feeling more comfortable as sexual beings. Societal constructs have previously worked against those who lived outside of typical romantic scenarios, and this is especially true when dealing with discrimination against members of the LGBTQ community as well as individuals in the sex-industry. Through the internet and media, accessing testimonials of sex-workers, experiences of LGBTQ people, and even just the sexcapades of independent women, has worked to normalize alternatives to heterosexual monogamy. Even the popularity of the HBO hit, “Sex and the City” is a precursor to the attitudes towards woman and sex. Four independent women living in New York City, making ends meet, dating, having sex, and living their lives. All the central characters are women and their romantic partnerships vary throughout the show as much as Sarah Jessica Parker’s hairstyles do.
This movement away from the status-quo may be similar to movements seen in the past, but it is entirely new. The power of the internet is grandiose and impressive and has made many societal impacts. It affects Presidential elections, world relations, and yes, even complex thoughts on heterosexual monogamy. YouTube channels, dating apps, discussion forums, all help to include more than just one version of sex and romance. Inclusion is an important step in our progression as a forward-thinking society, and it could not be achieved without the help of the internet.
Works Cited
New Source: Farvid, Pantea, and Virginia Baum. “Casual Sex as ‘not a Natural Act’ and Other Regimes of Truth about Heterosexuality.” Sage Journals. Feminism & Psychology, 18 Apr. 2013. Web.
New Source: Garcia, Justin R., Chris Reiber, Sean G. Massey, and Ann M. Merriwether. “Sexual Hookup Culture: A Review.” Review of General Psychology : Journal of Division 1, of the American Psychological Association. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 01 June 2012. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.
New Source: Green, Laci. “Laci Green.” Laci Green. N.p., n.d. Web.
New Source: Jackson, Stevi, and Sue Scott. “The Personal Is Still Political: Heterosexuality, Feminism, and Monogamy.” Sage Journals. N.p., Feb. 2004. Web.
Causal Argument- Beyonce1234
Professional Baseball Batters Vs. Professional Softball Pitcher
Should a professional painter be expected to complete a grand sculpture perfectly with out any mistakes? This painter only has painted portraits, landscapes, and morals all their life. Doing something new for the first time is difficult in general. Just because this painter is an artist, people usually believe that artists are good at all kinds of art, but that is not always the case. Does this mean that completing art sculptures are harder to do than being a professional painter? Because a professional athlete is not good at another sport, does it make that sport a harder sport to play?
In the game of baseball and softball, pitchers dominate. The game is won on the act of who can make the other team’s hitters, hit less. Professional softball pitcher, Jennie Finch, is one who dominates every time she steps in the pitching circle. By nature, people love a good challenge, so professional baseball hitters like to face the all powerful and mighty, Ms. Finch. Professional hitter, Albert Pujols, accepted the challenge and stepped up to the plate. Due to Pujols not ever seeing a ball rise before, he couldn’t touch it. This got people thinking; if college players hit Finch before, then why can’t professional ball players touch her?
This doesn’t mean that the pros aren’t has good as they think they are because they are very good, but this means that they don’t practice hitting softball pitching as much as baseball pitching. This also could mean softball batters are pretty good in the fact that they can even touch this pitching. The movement of a softball pitch is completely different than a baseball pitch. The professional baseball hitters are not used to the angle. If they were, they would then be able to touch the ball more accurately. Due to the fact that it was Pujols first time ever to see this pitching, it was difficult for him. With more and more practice, there is a chance that he could perform better.
However, Finch is the best of the best, there is most likely a softball pitcher that Pujols can touch that is not Jennie. Another scenario was when Finch participated in the Pepsi All-Star Game in 2004; Finch faced more MLB hitters. “No sooner did Finch arrive at the mound then the defensive players behind her sat down.” Though their assumption is humorous, this states that Finch would go to strike out each MLB batter of the inning.
The batters reaction time to the ball has not been worked on to face a softball pitcher. Practicing this will allow better timing to the ball. When athletes practice timing, they are making sure they can execute skills “without thinking.” By practice how to come in contact with a rise ball, batters then will expect it at bat. Now that this a practiced, maybe even mastered, batters can then focus on if the ball will be inside or outside.
This can prove that MLB hitters can be expected to not hit Finch on a first try, but being the professional athlete they are, they can practice and hit her the second time. Most hitters don’t see a second at-bat with Finch because they never want to go through that humiliation ever again. Therefore, trying to prove that hitting a softball is harder to hit than a baseball is not reasonable. Studies can not be accurate because the only way to prove this to be so is if there were an athlete who practiced hitting both for an equal amount of time.
Works Citied
A Women’s Softball Pitcher vs. the Top Baseball Hitters…Who Wins? (n.d.). Retrieved November 06, 2016.
Tinley, S. (2014, July 24). Why MLB hitters can’t hit Jennie Finch and science behind reaction time. Retrieved November 06, 2016.
Rowan Counterintuitive 