In-class Exercise
Consider what you know about your own Topic and Thesis.
Make 5 brief Causal Arguments derived from your own research, as I have done on the Lecture Page “Types of Causal Arguments.”
- Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
- Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
- Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
- A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
- Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
Use the Reply field below to make your Arguments.
Rowan Counterintuitive 
1. The US feels bad for another country and lends a helping hand. It can cause national security to be attacked by terrorism from feeling threatened
2. We have many problems in our own country. We shouldn’t help till we figure out how to solve our own problems.
3. Setting off a terrorism threats. Can lead to being attacked, if we get attacked many can die, causes more national security problems.
4. If US figure out a way to fix the issues in their own country, they can now be able to go down and fix up other countries, feel no problems can go wrong in there own country, if something may occur US has so much power that they can deal with problem quickly.
5. No support from citizens put US in a tough situation, no support will cause more problems with in it own country.
LikeLike
Very vague, indicating an unformed thesis.
Grade Neutral
LikeLike
1. Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
Immense change in life causes dysregulation.
2. Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
Going to college can cause relationship violence, binge drinking, and suicidal ideation.
3. Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
Relationship, emotional, and behavior dysregulation cause a need for DBT.
4. A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
Going to college causes dysregulation, which causes the need for DBT.
5. Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
DBT does not cause a worsening of dysregulation.
LikeLike
Solid work
Grade +1
LikeLike
1. You are more likely to have a higher blood pressure compared to someone who doesn’t eat fast food everyday.
2. Alcohol makes you do stuff you normally would not do.
3. Your friends have a big impact on your decision making sometimes without you even knowing it.
4. If you drink something sugary when you get headaches to alleviate the pain. Every time you get a headache you drink an energy drink.
5. Just because someone drinks everyday it does not make him an alcoholic.
.
@healthline. “13 Effects of Fast Food on the Body.” Healthline. N.p., 02 Nov. 2015. Web. 02 Nov. 2016.
LikeLike
Fair enough. Not all support the same thesis, but all are specific.
Grade +1
LikeLike
1. Lower sales taxes will result in lower tax revenue.
2.Lower sales tax will make it harder for New Jersey to provide services to people.
3. Lowering the sales tax will cost the State of New Jersey more money because it will make less revenue. This can also result in higher income or property taxes.
4. If the sales tax is lowered, then New Jersey will bring in less tax revenue, and other taxes may go up to make up for the loss of sales tax revenue.
5. A lower sales tax may not directly result in higher income or property taxes, but it is a possibility.
LikeLike
All contribute to a single thesis.
Grade +1
LikeLike
1.Over the past year , there has been an increase in police involved shootings where many citizens, who are unarmed, are injured by the officers.
2. The number of African Americans shootings has increase in the past year.
3. Because of the shooting of the African American, it cause different types of movement groups to be created through out the united states.
LikeLiked by 1 person
Incomplete
Grade -1
LikeLike
1. Single Cause with a Single Effect: Discriminatory police officers pull over a higher number of minorities.
2. Single Cause with Several Effects: Police officers that pull over minorities for no good reason other than their image, many repercussions can follow for the driver such as punishment at home, legal issues, and potentially points on their license.
3. Several Causes for a Single Effect: Being discriminated against comes in many different forms whether a cop is tailgating you waiting for you to do something wrong or just immediately pulls you over because of racism-fueled suspicion. This leads to those being discriminated against not having respect for or resenting the authority of the police.
4. A Causal Chain: Discriminatory police officers pulling over a higher number of minorities then leads the minorities to resent police officers.
5. Causation Fallacy: Minorities getting pulled over does not single-handedly cause these minorities to retaliate physically.
LikeLike
Strong and consistent
Grade +1
LikeLike
Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
Thanking Heroin at least once can cause you to become addicted
Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
Once taking heroin, you can become violent in the process of retrieving the drug, you can overdose, or you can die.
Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
By getting the heroin, becoming addicted and not knowing whats in it, a person could be taking laced heroin proving its not pure which can cause bad reactions.
A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
The failure to stop the selling/trading of heroin can cause more people to try it.
Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
The problem is that police have not stooped all those who make heroin.
LikeLike
Last three weak
Grade Neutral
LikeLike
1. People who use their smart phones everyday are distracted.
2. People will use cell phones in school, while driving
3. Will cause physical damage, and lack of cognitive information
4. In school they would not learn, while driving they would cause havoc
5. As long they do not cause accident they are okay to drive. Or as long they get a good grade its okay to use phones.
LikeLike
Last three weak
Grade Neutral
LikeLike
1) The separation of church and state impedes the establishment of a national religion.
2) Lack or proper education on culture and religion leads to ignorance and disconnect between student with different backgrounds.
3) Insecurity, fear of change and ignorance lead to racism.
4) The separation of church and state prevents the creation of a regulated education, leading to ignorance.
5) 9/11 began discrimination against Muslim Americans.
LikeLiked by 1 person
How is 5 a Causation Fallacy?
It’s not in the X does not cause Y form.
Grade Neutral
LikeLike
1.) Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)- Hard helmet-to-helmet hits can cause players to lose consciousness effecting their lives and the people around them.
2.) Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)- Having no helmets can cause fewer concussions and will make players less likely to hit head-to-head..
3.) Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)- Having no helmets and tackling differently can result in fewer concussions.
4.) A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)- No helmets causes players to be more cautious of their head which can cause players to receive less concussions.
5.) Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)- Fallacy: More padding in the helmets prevents concussions. Refutation: No amount of padding stops the brain from hitting the inside of the skull.
LikeLike
Strong and consistent
Grade +1
LikeLike
Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y) Crossing into stricter gun law states can result into mishaps such as getting charged with a crime
Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z) Strict gun laws cause people to commit drastic measures such as bringing guns into neighboring states, and go out of jurisdictions to buy guns.
Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z) lower gun laws, and if states with weaker laws would comprise with stricter gun laws there would be less gun trafficking
A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
LikeLike
Incomplete
Grade -1
LikeLike
1. Single Cause Single Effect (X causes Y)- The consumption of sugary drinks is the main reason for childhood obesity.
2. Single Cause Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)- the consumption of sugary drinks causes high blood sugar, childhood obesity and diabetes.
3.Several Causes Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)- the consumption of processed foods, sugary drinks, and lack of good nutrition are the causes of childhood obesity.
4. A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)- due to the poor economic state people struggle to afford healthy foods leaving children to consume sugary drinks and processed food which lead to sugary drinks.
5. Causal Fallacy (X does not cause Y)- The lack of nutritional knowledge and the human body leads to childhood obesity.
LikeLike
5 is not in the form of Causal Fallacy
Grade Neutral
LikeLike
1. An officer experiences symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder because they do not have a stable support system to help guide them in the right direction.
2. Because some police officer’s experience symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, they make rash decisions in their field of duty and their families develop similar characteristics as a result.
3. The lack of support for a police officer and the effect he or she has on their family can lead to drug or alcohol misuse.
4. Without a stable support system, police officer’s will act out in unpredictable ways in their field of duty which can lead to an officer shooting a harmless victim.
5. Police officer’s are racist because they target African American’s.
LikeLike
2 is a chain
5 is not in the Logical Fallacy form. X does not cause Y.
Grade Neutral
LikeLike
1.) Single Cause Single Effect (X causes Y): Higher rates of Tinder use can cause increased feelings of low self esteem.
2.) Single Cause Several Effects (X causes Y and Z): Tinder can lead to long-term relationships, as well as short-term hookups.
3.) Several Causes Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z): Decreased desire for monogamy and increased social media/ internet usage has lead to the popularity of Tinder among single young adults.
4.) A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z): Using Tinder allows women to explore their sexuality outside of monogamy and therefore abandon the confines of romantic misogyny.
5.) Causal Fallacy (X does not cause Y): Long term relationships do not guarantee happiness/satisfaction, and short term relationships do not always equate to unhappiness/dissatisfaction.
LikeLike
Strong throughout
Grade +1
LikeLike
Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
A Caucasian police officer shooting an unarmed African American results into a nation wide news story.
Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
The news story of a white officer killing a black civilian causes uproar, anger, debate and protests.
Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
Debates, common anger and negative biased coverage leads to protest movements like “Black Lives Matter.”
A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
The officer shooting a black civilian and the grizzly footage being shown and tampered with by the media leads to anger and anarchy thus, developing protest groups. This then leads to a rebuttal from an apposing Protest group that has opposite beliefs and that causes a minor civil war of moral beliefs.
Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
An officer shooting an unarmed person does not make that officer in the wrong.
LikeLike
Strong throughout
Grade +1
LikeLike
1.Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
Poor warm up techniques cause injuries.
2.Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
Poor warm up techniques and overuse to body cause injuries and setbacks to all athletes.
3.Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
Both overuse to the body and poor warm up techniques cause injuries.
4.A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
Poor warm up techniques causes injuries to athletes, which causes setbacks for their careers.
5.Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
Performing with the right equipment and warming up correctly so the body is fresh and not fatigued does not cause injuries.
LikeLike
That 5 is really lame.
Grade +1
LikeLike
1. Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
Changing the motion of the pitch, and the ball, causes the batter more difficulty to hit the ball effectively.
2.Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
The changes of measurements on the field produce in batters to make unfamiliar eye adjustments and distance adjustments on the length of a hit.
3.Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
A different kind of ball and distance of the pitch, causes batters to change their batting technique.
4.A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
Changing the kind of pitch forces batters to make new adjustments which causes batters to make mistakes more often.
5.Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
A professional baseball batter facing a professional softball pitcher does not cause the baseball player to define himself as less of an athlete.
LikeLike
Strong throughout
Grade +1
LikeLike
1.) Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)- Playing violent video games leads to an increase in various aggressive behaviors. The behaviors differ depending on the individual.
2.) Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)- The bad media coverage of violent video games can lead to developers editing their content, retailers pulling certain games off the shelves, or even some games being banned outright.
3.) Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)- Violent behavior in individuals can come from how their parents raised them and how their environment impacted them.
4.) A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)- An individual commits a crime. Parents and the government want to prevent further crimes so they look for a reason for why a crime was committed. They conclude that violent video games were the cause based on superficial evidence, and then attempt to confront video game developers and publishers about their content.
5.) Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)- Fallacy: Violent video games lead to violent behavior in gamers. Refuation: Violent video games only lead to an increase in aggression, not necessarily violent behavior and criminal activity.
LikeLike
Strong throughout
Grade +1
LikeLike
Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
Mammography everywhere is a constant balancing of possible harm: between missing too many cancers and ordering too many needless biopsies.
Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
screening 200 healthy women before finding one cancer.
A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
When he discovered that one doctor had missed 10 cancers in the space of 18 months, he fired him. Over the next two years, he fired two others who were missing more than their share of tumors. He then reassigned eight doctors who were not reading enough films to stay sharp.
Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
Denver doctors are finding about 15 more cancers a year than they would have at their previous accuracy level.
Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
Mammograms do not cause cancer.
LikeLike
Some of these are good, but none is yours. The causal arguments are supposed to come from your own thesis material.
Grade -1
LikeLike
1. Single cause with a single effect(X cause Y)
-Slavery is the reason why African Americans have a harder time living in America than Caucasians.
2. Single cause with several effects (X causes Y and Z)
-Slavery caused many families to be separated and destroyed a culture.
3. Several causes for a single effects ( Both X and Y cause Z)
-Racism and Jim Crow Law are the reasons for African Americans being stereotyped in America.
4. A causal chain (X cause Y, which causes Z)
-Slavery produced racism in America, which lead to many African Americans getting hung.
5. Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
-Living in a house with a convicted criminal does not mean you will be a criminal.
LikeLike
Grade +1
LikeLike
1)Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
The faith people have with how rigid scientific studies are causes people to believe essentially anything a scientific study proves.
2)Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
As researchers are only human and will tend to prioritize their own living for the expense of integrity, scientists are forced to push plentiful theses for money and do not focus on retesting as there is no monetary value for validating what someone has already stated.
3)Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
Due to the emphasis of results, both for payments and value, scientists are more lenient for faulty studies
4)A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
A business wants to be able to push their values to gain more money or popularity, so the businesses are more willing to pay for money to reap the benefits. As the business itself pays money for the studies that prove their values, scientists are more enticed to make a study that proves the business’s value for a better living.
5)Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
Fallacy: Influence from a company in a study means that the study is now completely biased and untrue.
Rebuttal: Just because a company has influence within a research study, the studies are not immediately set to be biased as the information could essentially be true.
LikeLike
Grade +1
LikeLike
1. Having “one-drop” of blood of a race, means you can identify as that race. If your great-great-great-great-great-grandfather was black and from then one had only white ancestors, you can still be considered black.
2.Because Lucas Siquiera’s self identified race was questioned, Racial Tribunals and race tests (testing skin color, nose width, and other stereotypical racial characteristics) have been made mandatory.
3. Growing up in a white community, having white parents, and not being informed of heritage lead to Lacey Shwartz, an African American college student, into believing she was also Caucasian for the majority of her life.
4. Natasha Scott has an African Father and Asian Mother, so for her college application she chose to identify as African American instead of Asian. By identifying as African American instead of Asian, she was more likely to be admitted to more colleges.
5. Having parents of a single race does not mean you also are that race.
Rebuttal: Rachel Dolezal has biological white parents, but identified as African American.
LikeLike
Grade +1
LikeLike
1.Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)- The Satanic- related outward appearance of Rock ‘n’ roll causes the genre of music to be misunderstood in society.
2.Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)- Since Rock ‘n’ roll comprises of a large amount of varying topics and styles, many of its most popular songs are still heard today, and it continues to inspire countless people to form their own bands and try to become successful.
3.Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)- Preachers are denouncing Rock ‘n’ roll as the work of dark forces, due to the fact that less young people are coming to church, and that the music is promoting non-conservative ideas.
4.A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)- The preachers feeling threatened causes them to paint Rock ‘n’ roll as Satanic music, which in turn fuels society’s perception of the music genre.
5.Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y): Fallacy- Listening to Rock ‘n’ roll causes its young listeners to value violence and sex.
Refutation- Listening to Rock ‘n’ roll spreads ideas relating to love, opposition of conflict, and the wonders of life to young listeners, who do not receive these messages from currently popular music.
LikeLike
Grade +1
LikeLike
1.Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
Standardized testing causes children to be held back a grade if not passed.
2.Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
If a school as a whole does poorly on state standardized tests, teacher pay and funding for the school could be negatively affected.
3.Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
Standardized tests, along with GPA or lack of extra-curricular activities, could cause a student to not be admitted into college.
4.A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
If a school performs poorly on a standardized exam, funding for the school decreases, which causes them to do worse on the next exam.
5.Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
The high stakes nature of standardized tests does not motivate teachers and students but rather encourages cheating.
LikeLike
Grade +1
LikeLike
1. Screening and testing causes early detection for treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease.
2. Lack of knowledge about Alzheimer’s leads to emotional fear and also leads to the lack of necessary care towards the family member.
3. Proper treatment/ care and support from family leads to security and the feeling of safety for the patient.
4. Lack of research in Alzheimer’s Disease leads to the lack of treatment without a cure which leads to eventual death (death from Alzheimer’s Disease or suicide).
5. The current knowledge of Alzheimer’s does not prevent the progression of the disease.
LikeLike
Grade +1
LikeLike
In Class Exercise: American Healthcare
1. Single Cause-Single Effect
Prices for healthcare are to high for people to afford it. People are dying as a result to not seeking treatment.
2. Single Cause-Serveral Effect
Prices for healthcare are to high for people to afford it. In a result to not having healthcare more and more people are getting sick, dying, and contaminating the people around them.
3. Several Causes- Single Effect
Prices for healthcare are to high for people to afford it. Not only is it to expensive to obtain, but it taints the images freedom in our country; taking away the morality and rights of the American people. Because of these problems, more people are choosing not to have healthcare and are suffering.
4. Causal Chain
The fact that people can’t afford healthcare leads them to not buy healthcare. That cause effects the purchase of healthcare, which leads to health complications for the people should can’t afford it.
5. Causation Fallacy
With the best and most expensive healthcare, the American people should be healthy and strong. That isn’t the case when they can’t afford it.
LikeLike
In-class exercise: Mental Illness Stigma
1. Single Cause with a Single Effect: Depression can lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation.
2. Single Cause With Several Effects: By having a negative stigma surrounding mental illness, the ideas surrounding the disorder are very judgmental and the people who suffer from them experience negative side effects.
3. Several Causes for a Single Effect: By continuing the negative stigma and broadening the judgment regarding mental illness, more and more people look at the disorders as negative.
4. Causal Chain: Negative stigmas surrounding mental illness can lead to feelings of sadness for those suffering, which could possibly lead to a worsening of a disorder such as depression.
5. Causation Fallacy: Negative stigmas surrounding mental illness lead to a surge to correct these stigmas and provide accurate representation. Unfortunately, this is not true.
LikeLike